{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:20:05Z","timestamp":1785403205727,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01MD010460-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01MD010460-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["1R01MD010460-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01MD010460-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0493hgw16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Obesity and dental caries disproportionately affect low-income South Asian (SA) immigrant children in the US. This CHALO! study aimed to reduce the risk of obesity and oral health risk in young SA children in the US. (2) Methods: CHALO! is a randomized controlled trial. A total of 350 low-income Bangladeshi mothers of 6-month-old children were recruited and randomized to intervention or control. Intervention participants received six home visits and six phone calls from trained community health workers who delivered health education and support. The primary outcome was frequency of combined bottle\/sippy cup use over 18 months measured via self-report. Secondary outcomes included sugar consumption, maternal feeding practices, oral hygiene practices, and dental utilization measured via self-report. Secondary clinical outcomes included the presence of dental caries at follow-up (12 months post baseline) assessed through intra-oral camera, and obesity risk, measured as weight gain velocity, at each 6-month period. (3) Results: Bottle\/sippy-cup use increased less in the intervention group (Poisson rate ratio = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.34\u20130.39, p &lt; 0.0001) vs. controls (Poisson rate ratio = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.56\u20130.61), and while consistent results were noted in sugar consumption, oral hygiene practices, dental visits, and other secondary outcomes, no difference was found in caries prevalence or weight gain velocity. (4) Conclusions: The intervention improved self-reported bottle use and child diet in the intervention group. There were no significant changes in caries prevalence or weight gain velocity. Social context, particularly social networks, may act as a barrier to adopting new healthy behaviors, impacting changes in caries and obesity outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23070837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T08:43:57Z","timestamp":1782463437000},"page":"837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The CHALO! Study Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial to Reduce Risk of Childhood Dental Caries and Obesity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9804-6762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arundhati","family":"Debnath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Medicine and Community Health, UMass Chan Medical School, 55 N Lake Avenue, Worcester, MA 01655, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Bonuck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usha","family":"Ramachandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson St., New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunanda","family":"Gaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson St., New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4687-4526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christie L.","family":"Custodio-Lumsden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, 622 W 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0798-6805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota T.","family":"Kopycka-Kedzierawski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, 625 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mimi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Karasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Medicine and Community Health, UMass Chan Medical School, 55 N Lake Avenue, Worcester, MA 01655, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1139\/H10-007","article-title":"Dietary acculturation and the nutrition transition: An overview","volume":"35","author":"Satia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. 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