{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:38:55Z","timestamp":1785411535064,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U01CE002528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01CE002528"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["U01CE002528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01CE002528"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/042twtr12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined associations between race-based discrimination and substance use among a predominantly minority sample of male youth, ages 13\u201319, residing in under-resourced neighborhoods in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Youth completed in-person, anonymous electronic surveys about their lifetime experiences with race-based discrimination and past 30-day tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use. Logistic regression models examined associations between race-based discrimination, measured as a sum of each discriminatory experience endorsed and by each individual discriminatory experience, and past 30-day substance use. Models controlled for age, sexual orientation, school suspension history, parental education, and intervention status. Although most youth (85.6%) reported experiencing one or more forms of race-based discrimination in their lifetime, total discrimination scores were not significantly associated with past 30-day substance use. However, item-specific analyses revealed that unfair police treatment was significantly associated with greater odds of tobacco use (AOR = 2.18; 95% CI 1.39, 3.41) and marijuana use (AOR = 2.26; 95% CI 1.51, 3.39). Study findings highlight the importance of item-specific measurement since types of race-based discrimination have different consequences for youth (e.g., detention from an unfair teacher, police arrest). Study results suggest the need for healing-centered strategies and policy reforms to address the negative impact of policing on minority youth\u2019s well-being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23070852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T10:01:17Z","timestamp":1782813677000},"page":"852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perceived Unfair Police Treatment and Recent Substance Use Among Male Youth Residing in Pittsburgh: Cross-Sectional Findings from a Randomized Control Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Lynissa R.","family":"Stokes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA"},{"name":"Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1080-2176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison J.","family":"Culyba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA"},{"name":"Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber L.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA"},{"name":"Latouche Pediatrics, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7266-7766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA"},{"name":"Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"},{"name":"Integrated Center for Women\u2019s Health, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2019.101068","article-title":"Daily Multidimensional Racial Discrimination Among Black U.S. American Adolescents","volume":"66","author":"English","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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