{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:29:15Z","timestamp":1785421755733,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Government Community Health and Hospitals Program Grant Scheme"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0314h5y94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally, the growth of ageing populations is significant, with more people requiring supported living environments, including residential aged care (RAC). Given the influence of the environment on health outcomes, it is important to consider approaches to evaluate aged care design, including both the built environment and products and technology. With the overarching aim to identify the scope of RAC-built environment and assistive technology design interventions and the way this data is captured methodologically, this review (i) identified methods and measures used to evaluate RAC-built environment and assistive technology design, and examined populations these methods and measures were used with, and (ii) mapped identified approaches to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). An a priori review protocol was developed, and a scoping review was then conducted. Eight databases were searched for publications between January 2000 and February 2023, resulting in 81 included studies, which were then mapped to ICF activity, participation and environment domains. Twenty methods and 16 methodologies were identified. Sixty-one articles collected data directly from resident populations, primarily including older adults (n = 52). Forty-nine publications reported on the evaluation of built design, 23 reported on products and technology, and nine reported on both, but with limited inclusion of valued participation as a goal or outcome. While some participatory methods were identified, 25% of the studies did not include consumer perspectives. Analyzing aged care design can identify ways to facilitate, or remove barriers to, healthier spaces and lives in RAC. Use of internationally recognized terminology and an integrative lens on the relationship between technology and environmental design is recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23070869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:39:11Z","timestamp":1783078751000},"page":"869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Built Environment and Assistive Technology Design in Residential Aged Care: A Scoping Review and Mapping of Evaluation Methods and Measures to the World Health Organization\u2019s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3127-6312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Libby","family":"Callaway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation, Ageing and Independent Living (RAIL) Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Frankston 3199, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Frankston 3199, Australia"},{"name":"National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Frankston 3199, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3213-8069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasha","family":"Layton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation, Ageing and Independent Living (RAIL) Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Frankston 3199, Australia"},{"name":"National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Frankston 3199, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2451-9427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phillippa","family":"Carnemolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Built Environment, Faculty of Design, Architecture and Building, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Licciardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation, Ageing and Independent Living (RAIL) Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Frankston 3199, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Frankston 3199, Australia"},{"name":"National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Frankston 3199, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Gusheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Frankston 3199, Australia"},{"name":"School of Architecture, Faculty of Arts, Design and Architecture, Monash University, Caulfield 3162, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3108-2072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Em","family":"Bould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation, Ageing and Independent Living (RAIL) Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Frankston 3199, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Frankston 3199, Australia"},{"name":"National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Frankston 3199, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2022). Built Environment and Health, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"igac045","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igac045","article-title":"The Role of the Built Environment on the Quality of Life for Residents in Long-Term Care Facilities in Asia: A Scoping Review","volume":"6","author":"Chaudhury","year":"2022","journal-title":"Innov. Aging"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Fleming, R., Zeisel, J., and Bennett, K. (2020). Design Dignity Dementia: Dementia-Related Design and the Built Environment, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaging.2023.101135","article-title":"Making a \u201chome\u201d into a home: How design of aged-care homes impacts residents","volume":"65","author":"Blackler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Aging Stud."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1017\/BrImp.2023.4","article-title":"Creating a consumer-driven global community of practice to support action within environmental design with people living with dementia: Assistive technology challenges and opportunities","volume":"24","author":"Ong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Impair."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). Policy Brief: Access to Assistive Technology, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e026308","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026308","article-title":"Occupational therapy for people with dementia and their family carers provided at home: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Bennett","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1080\/10400435.2023.2229891","article-title":"My assistive technology outcomes framework: Rights-based outcome tools for consumers to \u2018measure what matters\u2019","volume":"37","author":"Layton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2025.2449993","article-title":"A review of international clinical guidelines that inform the use of assistive technology to support adults living with progressive or complex conditions","volume":"20","author":"Callaway","year":"2025","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). World Report on Ageing and Health, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, November 04). Ageing and Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/ageing-and-health."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"AIHW (2025, November 28). Aged Care\u2014Overview, Available online: https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports-data\/health-welfare-services\/aged-care\/overview."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2021.02.009","article-title":"Worlds of long-term care: A typology of OECD countries","volume":"125","author":"Ariaans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2025). Canada\u2019s Elder Care Crisis: Addressing the Double Demand, Canadian Medical Association (CMA), Deloitte."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Layton, N., and Borg, J. (2023). Assistive Technology and the Wellbeing of Societies from a Capabilities Approach. Societies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/soc13020019"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2009.11.008","article-title":"The indoor environment and the integrated design of homes for older people with dementia","volume":"45","author":"Kort","year":"2010","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"Cd012892","article-title":"Physical environmental designs in residential care to improve quality of life of older people","volume":"3","author":"Harrison","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia3030076","article-title":"Environmental Design for People Living with Dementia","volume":"3","author":"Quirke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Encyclopedia"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"United Kingdom Government (2025, November 18). Our Future Homes: Housing That Promotes Wellbeing and Community for an Ageing Population 2024, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/the-older-peoples-housing-taskforce-report\/our-future-homes-housing-that-promotes-wellbeing-and-community-for-an-ageing-population."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Government of Canada (2025, November 28). Development of a Federal Safe Long-Term Care Act: Discussion Paper 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/programs\/consultation-safe-long-term-care\/document.html."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (2025, November 18). Nursing Homes United States of America 2025, Available online: https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/medicare\/health-safety-standards\/certification-compliance\/nursing-homes."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Australian Government (2021). Final Report of the Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety (Executive Summary), Australian Government."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Australian Government (2021). Final Report of the Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety (List of Recommendations), Australian Government."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Australian Government, and Department of Health, Disability and Ageing (2025). Assistive Technologies and Home Modifications Scheme, Australian Government."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Australian Government, and Department of Health, Disability and Ageing (2025). Improving Accommodation in Residential Aged Care, Australian Government."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Australian Government, and Department of Health and Aged Care (2023). Final Report on the Development of the Draft National Aged Care Design Principles and Guidelines, Commonwealth of Australia."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Australian Government (2021). Final Report of the Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety, Australian Government."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2021.102624","article-title":"The influence of the built environment in enacting a household model of residential aged care for people living with a mental health condition: A qualitative post-occupancy evaluation","volume":"71","author":"Carnemolla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/ajs4.184","article-title":"Young people in residential aged care: Is Australia on track to meet its targets?","volume":"57","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust. J. Soc. Issues"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/ajag.12718","article-title":"Workspace environmental design evaluation to support the aged care workforce: Are we using the right evaluation approaches?","volume":"38","author":"Naccarella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Australas. J. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2001). International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2014.935875","article-title":"The use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health to understand the health and functioning experiences of people with chronic conditions from the person perspective: A systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Alford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdi, S., Spann, A., Borilovic, J., de Witte, L., and Hawley, M. (2019). Understanding the care and support needs of older people: A scoping review and categorisation using the WHO international classification of functioning, disability and health framework (ICF). BMC Geriatr., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1189-9"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonardi, M., Lee, H., Kostanjsek, N., Fornari, A., Raggi, A., Martinuzzi, A., Y\u00e1\u00f1ez, M., Almborg, A.-H., Fresk, M., and Besstrashnova, Y. (2022). 20 Years of ICF\u2014International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Uses and Applications around the World. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811321"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69","article-title":"Scoping studies: Advancing the methodology","volume":"5","author":"Levac","year":"2010","journal-title":"Implement. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301214532460","article-title":"The relationship between the quality of the built environment and the quality of life of people with dementia in residential care","volume":"15","author":"Fleming","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3928\/00989134-20140731-01","article-title":"Multisensory Installations in Residential Aged-Care Facilities: Increasing Novelty and Encouraging Social Engagement Through Modest Environmental Changes","volume":"40","author":"Scott","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1080\/09613218.2015.1049494","article-title":"Environmental influences on indoor walking behaviours of assisted living residents","volume":"43","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Build. Res. Inf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.7748\/nop.21.3.28.s31","article-title":"Designed for a better life","volume":"21","author":"Allen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nurs. Older People"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1071\/AH14035","article-title":"Outdoor areas of Australian residential aged care facilities do not facilitate appropriate sun exposure","volume":"39","author":"Durvasula","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust. Health Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1080\/00038628.2021.1984869","article-title":"A design assessment tool for layout planning in residential care for dementia","volume":"66","author":"Quirke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Archit. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1300\/J081v21n01_08","article-title":"Wholistic Design in Dementia Care: Connection to nature with PLANET","volume":"21","author":"Chalfont","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hous. Elder."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X04002387","article-title":"Quality of life and building design in residential and nursing homes for older people","volume":"24","author":"Parker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ageing Soc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12011","article-title":"The effectiveness of visual art on environment in nursing home","volume":"45","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Scholarsh."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-021-03419-y","article-title":"Clinically-validated technologies for assisted living","volume":"14","author":"Spinsante","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Cunningham, C., Marshall, M., and McManus, M. (2008). Design for Dementia: Audit Tool, University of Sterling."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1108\/14769011211270765","article-title":"Designing dementia nursing and residential care homes","volume":"20","author":"Hadjri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Integr. Care"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Fleming, R., Forbes, I., and Bennett, K. (2003). Adapting the Ward for People with Dementia, NSW Department of Health."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6612.2010.00444.x","article-title":"An environmental audit tool suitable for use in homelike facilities for people with dementia","volume":"30","author":"Fleming","year":"2011","journal-title":"Australas. J. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/ajag.12233","article-title":"Assessing the quality of environmental design of nursing homes for people with dementia: Development of a new tool","volume":"34","author":"Fleming","year":"2015","journal-title":"Australas. J. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6612.2011.00559.x","article-title":"Validation of the Environmental Audit Tool in both purpose-built and non-purpose-built dementia care settings","volume":"31","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Australas. J. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X10000656","article-title":"In home or at home? How collective decision making in a new care facility enhances social interaction and wellbeing amongst older adults","volume":"30","author":"Knight","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ageing Soc."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"51","article-title":"The Role of Nursing Homes Architectural Design in Mitigating the Risk of COVID-19 Pandemics: The Case of Slovenia","volume":"113","year":"2020","journal-title":"QJM Int. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.11.155","article-title":"The role of open space and green areas in the design of an inclusive nursing home environment during Covid-19 period","volume":"9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"G\u00e4rling, T., and Evans, G.W. (1991). Environmental assessment from a neuropsychological perspective. Environment, Cognition and Action: An Integrated Approach, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/02763893.2014.987863","article-title":"Outdoor Environments at Three Nursing Homes: Semantic Environmental Descriptions","volume":"29","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hous. Elder."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordin, S., Elf, M., McKee, K., and Wijk, H. (2015). Assessing the physical environment of older people\u2019s residential care facilities: Development of the Swedish version of the Sheffield Care Environment Assessment Matrix (S-SCEAM). BMC Geriatr., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-15-3"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"49","article-title":"Exploring Environmental Variation in Residential Care Facilities for Older People","volume":"10","author":"Nordin","year":"2017","journal-title":"HERD Health Environ. Res. Des. J."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"S69","article-title":"The Therapeutic Environment Screening Survey for Nursing Homes (TESS-NH): An observational instrument for assessing the physical environment of institutional settings for persons with dementia","volume":"57","author":"Sloane","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/02763893.2011.571085","article-title":"\u201cTouching up\u201d Communal Space of a Residential Home Setting: A Comparative Study of Tools for Assessing Changes in the Interior Architectural Space","volume":"25","author":"Andersson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hous. Elder."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78142","DOI":"10.2196\/78142","article-title":"\u201cLiving Inside the Walls\u201d: Systematic Review and Qualitative Meta-Synthesis","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"JMIR Aging"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, D.-M., Wang, D.-N., and Bian, Y. (2025). Dignity of Older Adults in Long-Term Care Facilities: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Evidence from Residents, Staff, and Relatives. Healthcare, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13222839"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Pholeros, P., Bennett, K., Welke, A., and Arc, M. (2017). Indigenous Aged Care Design Guide, Dementia Training Australia, Health Habitat."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14497","article-title":"Socio-spatial and quality of life themes in aged care architecture: A qualitative methods protocol","volume":"76","author":"Mcgann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"4174","article-title":"Accessibility in collective housing for the elderly: A case study in Portugal","volume":"41","author":"Paiva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04017015","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000264","article-title":"Comparison of the Built Environment of Homes for the Aged in China by Postoccupancy Evaluation","volume":"23","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Archit. Eng."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aloulou, H., Mokhtari, M., Tiberghien, T., Biswas, J., Phua, C., Lin, J.H.K., and Yap, P. (2013). Deployment of assistive living technology in a nursing home environment: Methods and lessons learned. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-13-42"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"98","article-title":"Exploring the Function and Use of Common Spaces in Assisted Living for Older Persons","volume":"7","author":"Andersson","year":"2014","journal-title":"HERD Health Environ. Res. Des. J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732315586550","article-title":"What Was (Also) at Stake When a Robot Bathtub Was Implemented in a Danish Elder Center","volume":"26","author":"Beedholm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Brodersen, S., and Lindegaard, H. (2015). The smart floor: How a public-private partnership codeveloped a heterogeneous healthcare technology system. Techno-Anthropology in Health Informatics, IOS Press\/Sage Publishing."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/13467581.2021.2007110","article-title":"Interpreting spatial layouts of nursing homes based on partitioning theory","volume":"22","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Asian Arch. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carta, S., Loe, S.S., Turchi, T., and Simon, J. (2020). Self-Organising Floor Plans in Care Homes. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12114393"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2006.259974","article-title":"A clinical monitoring and management system for residential aged care facilities","volume":"2006","author":"Celler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chau, H.-W., Newton, C., Woo, C.M.M., Ma, N., Wang, J., and Aye, L. (2018). Design Lessons from Three Australian Dementia Support Facilities. Buildings, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings8050067"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/10400435.2016.1171807","article-title":"Service innovation through social robot engagement to improve dementia care quality","volume":"29","author":"Chu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317507309799","article-title":"Does a Wander Garden Influence Inappropriate Behaviors in Dementia Residents?","volume":"23","author":"Detweiler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. Other Dementiasr"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26767","DOI":"10.2196\/26767","article-title":"The Use of Smart Speakers in Care Home Residents: Implementation Study","volume":"23","author":"Edwards","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317514545378","article-title":"Field Observations into the Environmental Soul","volume":"30","author":"Ferdous","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. Other Dementiasr"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1080\/00038628.2021.1917336","article-title":"The inclusion and efficacy of first-person narrative in the design of long-term care homes","volume":"66","author":"Francis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franke, A., Nass, E., Piereth, A.-K., Zettl, A., and Heidl, C. (2021). Implementation of Assistive Technologies and Robotics in Long-Term Care Facilities: A Three-Stage Assessment Based on Acceptance, Ethics, and Emotions. Front. Psychol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.694297"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"1","article-title":"Environmental Lighting in Nursing Homes: A Comparison of Agency Standards that Regulate Nursing Homes with Industry ANSI\/IES RP-28 Lighting Standards","volume":"12","author":"Hegde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Des. Soc."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1300\/J081v21n01_07","article-title":"Effects of Therapeutic Gardens in Special Care Units for People with Dementia","volume":"21","author":"Hernandez","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hous. Elder."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3130\/jaabe.13.625","article-title":"Users\u2032 Perceptions of Bedroom Privacy and Personalization in Long-Term Care Facilities","volume":"13","author":"Hsieh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Asian Arch. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"1","article-title":"Technological risks and ethical implications of using robots in long-term care","volume":"9","author":"Hung","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Assist. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1108\/JSM-06-2016-0243","article-title":"Dynamic capabilities in aged care service innovation: The role of social assistive technologies and consumer-directed care strategy","volume":"31","author":"Khaksar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Serv. Mark."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2019.1690046","article-title":"Carer\u2019s perception on social assistive technology acceptance and adoption: Moderating effects of perceived risks","volume":"40","author":"Khaksar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2016.1275435","article-title":"Human Robot Engagement and Acceptability in Residential Aged Care","volume":"33","author":"Khosla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Human\u2013Computer Interact."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-016-0481-x","article-title":"Evaluation of an Assistive Telepresence Robot for Elderly Healthcare","volume":"40","author":"Koceski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Kriegel, J., Grabner, V., Tuttle-Weidinger, L., and Ehrenmuller, I. (2019). Socially Assistive Robots (SAR) in In-Patient Care for the Elderly. dHealth 2019\u2014From eHealth to dHealth, IOS Press\/Sage Publishing."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/17508975.2015.1005566","article-title":"Designing smart living for ageing Alice\u2014And the persons next door","volume":"9","author":"Plomp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intell. Build. Int."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u2018The Open Typology\u2019: Towards Socially Sustainable Architectural and Care Types","volume":"16","author":"Landi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301219845480","article-title":"The implications of a new paradigm of care on the built environment. The Humanitas\u00a9 Deventer model: Innovative practice","volume":"19","author":"Landi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1080\/00038628.2020.1719819","article-title":"Employing visibility and agent-based accessibility analysis to enhance social interactions in older adult care facilities","volume":"63","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"431","article-title":"Measuring the spatial and social characteristics of the architectural plans of aged care facilities","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Arch. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1108\/JET-01-2018-0003","article-title":"The vision of bedfast nursing home residents of their quality of life and the contribution of technological innovations in and around the bed","volume":"12","author":"Martens","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Enabling Technol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2019.104041","article-title":"Impacts of robot implementation on care personnel and clients in elderly-care institutions","volume":"134","author":"Melkas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2021.107932","article-title":"Acoustic environment of comprehensive activity spaces in nursing homes: A case study in Harbin, China","volume":"177","author":"Mu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10901-021-09887-0","article-title":"Estimation of the quality of life in housing for the elderly based on a structural equation model","volume":"37","author":"Mu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hous. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noguchi, M., Ma, N., Woo, C.M.M., Chau, H.-W., and Zhou, J. (2018). The Usability Study of a Proposed Environmental Experience Design Framework for Active Ageing. Buildings, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings8120167"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1080\/00038628.2019.1614903","article-title":"Physical and perceptual gap in indoor environmental quality: A mixed method study of space and users at an aged care facility in Victoria","volume":"62","author":"Noguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archit. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oatley, G., Choudhury, T., and Buckman, P. (2021). Smart Textiles for Improved Quality of Life and Cognitive Assessment. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21238008"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13890","article-title":"Measuring the impact of age, gender and dementia on communication-robot interventions in residential care homes","volume":"20","author":"Obayashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2020.101318","article-title":"Can connected technologies improve sleep quality and safety of older adults and care-givers? An evaluation study of sleep monitors and communicative robots at a residential care home in Japan","volume":"62","author":"Obayashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-021-00815-4","article-title":"Assessing the Impact of an Original Soft Communicative Robot in a Nursing Home in Japan: Will Softness or Conversations Bring more Smiles to Older People?","volume":"14","author":"Obayashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2018.03.009","article-title":"An investigation of acoustical environments in the elderly care facilities","volume":"137","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"22","article-title":"Analyzing the Layout of Long-Term Care Facilities: A Psycho-Spatial Approach","volume":"15","author":"Rom","year":"2022","journal-title":"HERD Health Environ. Res. Des. J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2010.02.002","article-title":"Who will watch (over) me? Humane monitoring in dementia care","volume":"68","author":"Schikhof","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3130\/aijt.23.219","article-title":"Are private bedrooms necessary for residential facilities for the elderly in China?","volume":"23","author":"Sima","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIJ J. Technol. Des."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E139","DOI":"10.1111\/ajag.12574","article-title":"Legibility of floor plans and wayfinding satisfaction of residents in Care and Attention homes in Hong Kong","volume":"37","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Australas. J. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, Y., Lau, S.S.Y., Gou, Z., Fu, J., Jiang, B., and Chen, X. (2018). Privacy and Well-Being in Aged Care Facilities with a Crowded Living Environment: Case Study of Hong Kong Care and Attention Homes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15102157"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2019.107103","article-title":"Noise environments in nursing homes: An overview of the literature and a case study in Flanders with quantitative and qualitative methods","volume":"159","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/00038628.2004.9697043","article-title":"The Influence of Building Design on the Quality of Life of Older People","volume":"47","author":"Torrington","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.15627\/jd.2020.3","article-title":"Lighting to Enhance Wayfinding for Thai Elderly Adults in Nursing Homes","volume":"7","author":"Tuaycharoen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Daylighting"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2010.05.008","article-title":"The productivity impact of the voice link between elderly and nurses: An assisted living facility pilot","volume":"52","author":"Valkila","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"145","article-title":"How Enclosure and Spatial Organization Affect Residents\u2019 Use and Experience of a Dementia Special Care Unit: A Case Study","volume":"12","author":"Heylighen","year":"2019","journal-title":"HERD Health Environ. Res. Des. J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaging.2017.05.001","article-title":"How architectural design affords experiences of freedom in residential care for older people","volume":"41","author":"Heylighen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Aging Stud."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301219868619","article-title":"Graphic designed bedroom doors to support dementia wandering in residential care homes: Innovative practice","volume":"20","author":"Varshawsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JNR.0000387570.43727.12","article-title":"Zeitgeists and Development Trends in Long-Term Care Facility Design","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1159\/000484663","article-title":"User-Oriented Evaluation of a Robotic Rollator That Provides Navigation Assistance in Frail Older Adults with and without Cognitive Impairment","volume":"64","author":"Werner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2009.01221.x","article-title":"Liberating the wanderers: Using technology to unlock doors for those living with dementia","volume":"32","author":"Wigg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sociol. Health Illn."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2013.12.001","article-title":"The effects of the indoor environment of residential care homes on dementia suffers in Hong Kong: A critical incident technique approach","volume":"73","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/1351010X20914237","article-title":"Sound environment quality in nursing units in Chinese nursing homes: A pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-08-2016-0187","article-title":"Impact of the built environment and care services within rural nursing homes in China on quality of life for elderly residents","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Constr. Arch. Manag."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12884","article-title":"Development of an education integrated design framework for the physical space of nursing homes in relation to life expectancy of the older people","volume":"28","author":"Zarghami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Soc. Care Community"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2021.12.026","article-title":"Nursing Home Design and COVID-19: Implications for Guidelines and Regulation","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/7\/869\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:55:54Z","timestamp":1783079754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/7\/869"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph23070869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph23070869","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]}}}