{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:59:59Z","timestamp":1785437999622,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007546","name":"French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-SA-0193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-SA-0193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007546","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2022-SA-0193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-SA-0193"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0471kz689","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"French Directorate-General for Competition, Consumer Affairs, and Fraud Prevention"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Between 2021 and 2023, the French market surveillance authority anonymously bought a sample of 50 toys containing a total of 103 individual LEDs from French retailers and had them tested by third-party laboratories accredited to perform tests in compliance with the international standard for electric toy safety IEC 62115, editions 2003 and 2017. Compliance with the harmonized EN IEC version of this standard is mandatory in the European Union under directive 2009\/48\/EC. The results revealed that 15 toys (30% of the tested toys) had at least one LED that did not comply with the eye safety requirements: 10 LEDs were non-compliant with respect to the retinal blue-light hazard, and 5 LEDs were non-compliant with respect to the retinal thermal hazard. A subsample of 10 toys with a total of 19 LEDs was assessed using the respective test methods corresponding to the 2003 and 2017 editions of the standard. The 2017 test method was found to be more permissive than the 2003 test method, a conclusion explained by the use of different risk assessment distances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23070880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T16:20:39Z","timestamp":1783354839000},"page":"880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Eye Safety of Light-Emitting Diodes in Toys: The Results of Three Years of Market Surveillance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Dina","family":"Attia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d\u2019Evaluation des Risques des Agents Physiques, D\u00e9partement de l\u2019Evaluation des Risques, Agence Nationale de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sanitaire de l\u2019Alimentation, de l\u2019Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Enouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le Photonique et Energ\u00e9tique, Laboratoire National de M\u00e9trologie et d\u2019Essais (LNE), 78190 Trappes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8571-9513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francine","family":"Behar-Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiopathologie des Maladies Oculaires, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM UMR S1138, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"OphtalmoP\u00f4le, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique\u2014H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2286-5991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Martinsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction Sant\u00e9, Ambiances et Mobilit\u00e9, Centre Scientifique et Technique du B\u00e2timent (CSTB), 38400 Saint Martin d\u2019H\u00e8res, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2011.04.002","article-title":"Light-emitting diodes (LED) for domestic lighting: Any risks for the eye?","volume":"30","author":"Martinsons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. 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