{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T14:04:45Z","timestamp":1784729085168,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health","IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: \u201cThird-hand\u201d exposure produced by \u201csecond-hand\u201d environmental vaping aerosol (EVA) has been reported as a parallel analogue of \u201cthird-hand smoke\u201d (THS) produced by residues of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Methods: To assess the plausibility and scope of \u201cthird-hand\u201d vaping exposure, we examine the available evidence on THS phenomenology and the physicochemical properties of EVA. We also evaluate daily intake doses from direct dermal exposure to nicotine under simplified but minimally realistic scenarios for vaping and smoking. Results: The only THS phenomenology fully reproduced in EVA is the adsorption of nicotine and its byproducts on indoor surfaces. Unlike significant, measurable THS exposures in normal environments (homes, hospitality venues, cars), third-hand exposures from vaping have only been found under special conditions: laboratory-generated aerosols or in vape shops where excessively abnormal and intense vaping activity takes place. Conclusions: The physicochemical properties of EVA are incompatible with an aging process leading to a THS analogue under the environmental conditions in which vaping normally takes place. However, objectively and rigorously evaluating the risks of dermal exposure from smoking and vaping remains an open issue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23070940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T13:25:46Z","timestamp":1784726746000},"page":"940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["On the Detection and Scope of \u201cThird-Hand Vaping\u201d: A Critical Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3774-4452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto A.","family":"Sussman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Research Council (US) Committee on Passive Smoking (2026, May 21). Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Measuring Exposures and Assessing Health Effects 5, Assessing Exposures to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the External Environment, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK219213\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2004.01.001","article-title":"An overview of the effects of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry and toxicity","volume":"42","author":"Baker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem.Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2006.016162","article-title":"Sidestream cigarette smoke toxicity increases with aging and exposure duration","volume":"15","author":"Schick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6576","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912820107","article-title":"Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential thirdhand smoke hazards","volume":"107","author":"Sleiman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.07.023","article-title":"Secondary organic aerosol formation from ozone-initiated reactions with nicotine and secondhand tobacco smoke","volume":"44","author":"Sleiman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103500","article-title":"Thirdhand tobacco smoke: Emerging evidence and arguments for a multidisciplinary research agenda","volume":"119","author":"Matt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13093","DOI":"10.1021\/es5036333","article-title":"Inhalable constituents of thirdhand tobacco smoke: Chemical characterization and health impact considerations","volume":"48","author":"Sleiman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.6b00343","article-title":"Thirdhand smoke: New evidence, challenges, and future directions","volume":"30","author":"Jacob","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.020","article-title":"Update on thirdhand smoke: A comprehensive systematic review","volume":"167","author":"Balaguer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78017","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-28128-1","article-title":"Secondhand and thirdhand smoke: A review on chemical contents, exposure routes, and protective strategies","volume":"30","author":"Arfaeinia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1021\/es050914r","article-title":"Effect of ozone on nicotine desorption from model surfaces: Evidence for heterogeneous chemistry","volume":"40","author":"Destaillats","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.09.052","article-title":"Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor environments","volume":"42","author":"Weschler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12506","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c02559","article-title":"Thirdhand Exposures to Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines through Inhalation, Dust Ingestion, Dermal Uptake, and Epidermal Chemistry","volume":"56","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12327","article-title":"Measurements of dermal uptake of nicotine directly from air and clothing","volume":"27","author":"Morrison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1108\/DHS-07-2022-0028","article-title":"Estimation of the global number of vapers: 82 million worldwide in 2021","volume":"24","author":"Stimson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drugs Habits Soc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"GSTHR (2024). The Global State of Tobacco Harm Reduction 2024: A Situation Report, Knowledge\u00b7Action\u00b7Change. Available online: https:\/\/gsthr.org\/."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"OHID UK (2026, May 21). Nicotine Vaping in England: 2022 Evidence Update Government of the United Kingdom (Gov.UK) Through the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities (Formerly Public Health England), Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/nicotine-vaping-in-england-2022-evidence-update."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Lindson, N., Livingstone-Banks, J., Butler, A.R., McRobbie, H., Bullen, C.R., Hajek, P., Wu, A.D., Begh, R., Theodoulou, A., and Notley, C. (2022). Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD010216."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801151","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01151-2018","article-title":"Electronic cigarettes: A task force report from the European Respiratory Society","volume":"53","author":"Bals","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization) (2026, May 21). Electronic Cigarettes: Call to Action. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/electronic-cigarettes---call-to-action."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Liang, Q., Oldham, M.J., Rostami, A.A., Wagner, K.A., Gillman, I.G., Patel, P., Savioz, R., and Sarkar, M. (2017). Determination of selected chemical levels in room air and on surfaces after the use of cartridge-and tank-based e-vapor products or conventional cigarettes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14090969"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4654","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3975-x","article-title":"Influence of electronic cigarette vaping on the composition of indoor organic pollutants, particles, and exhaled breath of bystanders","volume":"26","author":"Marco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.1c00070","article-title":"Impact of e-Liquid Composition, Coil Temperature, and Puff Topography on the Aerosol Chemistry of Electronic Cigarettes","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2017.1355548","article-title":"Characteristics of secondhand electronic cigarette aerosols from active human use","volume":"51","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nty121","article-title":"Characterization of the spatial and temporal dispersion differences between exhaled e-cigarette mist and cigarette smoke","volume":"21","author":"Martuzevicius","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2018.02.003","article-title":"Air monitoring at large public electronic cigarette events","volume":"221","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu152","article-title":"Electronic cigarettes are a source of thirdhand exposure to nicotine","volume":"17","author":"Goniewicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2019.1581366","article-title":"E-cigarette nicotine deposition and persistence on glass and cotton surfaces","volume":"16","author":"Marcham","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2023.2191669","article-title":"Volatilization and partitioning of residual electronic cigarette emissions to particulate matter","volume":"57","author":"Colby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.12.027","article-title":"Identification and quantification of electronic cigarette exhaled aerosol residue chemicals in field sites","volume":"170","author":"Khachatoorian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054316","article-title":"Electronic cigarette chemicals transfer from a vape shop to a nearby business in a multiple-tenant retail building","volume":"28","author":"Khachatoorian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa094","article-title":"Indoor air quality and passive e-cigarette aerosol exposures in vape-shops","volume":"22","author":"Son","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107063","article-title":"Thirdhand smoke from tobacco, e-cigarettes, cannabis, methamphetamine and cocaine: Partitioning, reactive fate, and human exposure in indoor environments","volume":"160","author":"Yeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200802279898","article-title":"Residual tobacco smoke pollution in used cars for sale: Air, dust, and surfaces","volume":"10","author":"Matt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2010.037382","article-title":"When smokers move out and non-smokers move in: Residential thirdhand smoke pollution and exposure","volume":"20","author":"Matt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntv174","article-title":"Thirdhand smoke in the homes of medically fragile children: Assessing the impact of indoor smoking levels and smoking bans","volume":"18","author":"Northrup","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-023-00272-9","article-title":"Aging effects on the toxicity alteration of different types of organic aerosols: A review","volume":"9","author":"Lei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Pollut. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110255","article-title":"Unraveling the chemical complexity and secondary VOCs formation in indoor combustion: Candles, incense, and cooking","volume":"211","author":"Deng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12597","article-title":"Quantification of the impact of cooking processes on indoor concentrations of volatile organic species and primary and secondary organic aerosols","volume":"29","author":"Klein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.5c00046","article-title":"Particulate Matter and Total Volatile Organic Compound Emissions Following Surface Cleaning: Comparison of Cleaning Agents and Locations","volume":"9","author":"Souza","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Earth Space Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2023.114220","article-title":"Characterization of the aerosol release from spray cleaning and disinfection products\u2013Spray scenarios in a climate chamber","volume":"252","author":"Clausen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.02.003","article-title":"Sorption of organic gases in a furnished room","volume":"38","author":"Singer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1021\/es011058w","article-title":"Gas-phase organics in environmental tobacco smoke. 1. Effects of smoking rate, ventilation, and furnishing level on emission factors","volume":"36","author":"Singer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2012-050915","article-title":"Thirdhand cigarette smoke in an experimental chamber: Evidence of surface deposition of nicotine, nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and de novo formation of NNK","volume":"23","author":"Schick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.141138","article-title":"Novel chemical contaminants associated with thirdhand smoke in settled house dust","volume":"352","author":"Richardot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaap8368","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aap8368","article-title":"Thirdhand smoke uptake to aerosol particles in the indoor environment","volume":"4","author":"DeCarlo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1021\/es102060v","article-title":"Thirdhand smoke: Heterogeneous oxidation of nicotine and secondary aerosol formation in the indoor environment","volume":"45","author":"Petrick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntt014","article-title":"Wipe sampling for nicotine as a marker of thirdhand tobacco smoke contamination on surfaces in homes, cars, and hotels","volume":"15","author":"Quintana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13183","article-title":"Nicotine delivery, retention and pharmacokinetics from various electronic cigarettes","volume":"111","author":"Havel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.2c00390","article-title":"Exposure, retention, exhalation, symptoms, and environmental accumulation of chemicals during JUUL vaping","volume":"36","author":"Hua","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2015.07.094","article-title":"A rapid method for the chromatographic analysis of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath of tobacco cigarette and electronic cigarette smokers","volume":"1410","author":"Marco","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samburova, V., Bhattarai, C., Strickland, M., Darrow, L., Angermann, J., Son, Y., and Khlystov, A. (2018). Aldehydes in exhaled breath during e-cigarette vaping: Pilot study results. Toxics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics6030046"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.4c00088","article-title":"Chemical analysis of exhaled vape emissions: Unraveling the complexities of humectant fragmentation in a human trial study","volume":"37","author":"Hopstock","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2024.106363","article-title":"Fate of inhaled electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) puff constituents in the human respiratory tract","volume":"178","author":"Asgharian","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"656","article-title":"Nicotine in tobacco product aerosols: \u2018It\u2019s d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu allover again","volume":"29","author":"Duell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7929","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64886-5","article-title":"Tracing the composition of single e-cigarette aerosol droplets in situ by laser-trapping and Raman scattering","volume":"10","author":"David","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107588","article-title":"Use of electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) devices among US youth and adults: Findings from the population assessment of tobacco and health study waves 1\u20135","volume":"139","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addctv. Behav."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCauley, D.M., Gaiha, S.M., Lempert, L.K., and Halpern-Felsher, B. (2022). Adolescents, Young Adults, and Adults Continue to Use E-Cigarette Devices and Flavors Two Years after FDA Discretionary Enforcement. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148747"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2023.2188555","article-title":"E-cigarette device type, source, and use behaviors of youth and young adults: Findings from the truth longitudinal cohort (2020\u20132021)","volume":"58","author":"Do","year":"2023","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"NYTS (2026, May 21). Results from the Annual National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS). See 2025 Findings on Youth Tobacco Use, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/tobacco-products\/youth-and-tobacco\/results-annual-national-youth-tobacco-survey-nyts."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e079016","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-079016","article-title":"Trends in long term vaping among adults in England, 2013\u20132023: Population based study","volume":"386","author":"Jackson","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Carter, W.P., Luo, D., and Malkina, I.L. (2026, May 21). Investigation of the Atmospheric Ozone Formation Potential of Propylene Glycol. Report to Philip Morris, USA. Available online: https:\/\/intra.engr.ucr.edu\/~carter\/pubs\/pgrept.pdf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2016.1245405","article-title":"Thermodynamic and kinetic behavior of glycerol aerosol","volume":"50","author":"Wright","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntx058","article-title":"Measuring PM2. 5, ultrafine particles, nicotine air and wipe samples following the use of electronic cigarettes","volume":"19","author":"Melstrom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2018.05.003","article-title":"Systemic absorption of nicotine following acute secondhand exposure to electronic cigarette aerosol in a realistic social setting","volume":"221","author":"Melstrom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2026, May 21). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Volume I: Human Health. Evaluation Manual (Part E, Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment). Final, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2015-09\/documents\/part_e_final_revision_10-03-07.pdf."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.2114\/jpa2.26.475","article-title":"Determination of Hand Surface Area by Sex and Body Shape using Alginate","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2026, May 21). Exposure Factors Handbook, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/expobox\/exposure-factors-handbook-2011-edition."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2026, May 21). National Institute for Ocuupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/idlh\/54115.html."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2023). Statement on the revised targeted risk assessment for certain maximum residue levels for nicotine. EFSA J., 21, e07883.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.7883"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crtox.2022.100067","article-title":"Assessment of nicotine delivery and uptake in users of various tobacco\/nicotine products","volume":"3","author":"Scherer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69248-5_2","article-title":"Nicotine chemistry, metabolism, kinetics and biomarkers","volume":"192","author":"Benowitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.136446","article-title":"Potential health risk of human exposure to tobacco-specific nitrosamines in second-hand and third-hand smoke","volume":"480","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.05.025","article-title":"Dermal permeation data and models for the prioritization and screening-level exposure assessment of organic chemicals","volume":"94","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/7\/940\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T13:31:21Z","timestamp":1784727081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/7\/940"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph23070940"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph23070940","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]}}}