{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T18:02:28Z","timestamp":1785175348435,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health","IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic complication of pregnancy associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Data on GDM in Central Asian populations remain limited. This study aimed to identify factors associated with GDM and evaluate selected obstetric outcomes among pregnant women in Kazakhstan. Methods: A retrospective case\u2013control study based on medical record data was conducted among 256 pregnant women, including 106 women with GDM and 150 women with normal glucose tolerance. GDM was diagnosed using a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test according to the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. Demographic, clinical, anthropometric, laboratory, and obstetric data were obtained from medical records. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors statistically associated with GDM. Obstetric outcomes were compared using unadjusted analyses. Results: Women with GDM were older than controls (31.6 \u00b1 5.8 vs. 28.6 \u00b1 5.3 years, p &lt; 0.001) and had a higher pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) (29 [25\u201333] vs. 26 [23\u201329] kg\/m2, p &lt; 0.001). Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were also higher in the GDM group (p = 0.026). In multivariable analysis, pre-pregnancy obesity (adjusted OR 4.54, 95% CI 2.08\u20139.91; p &lt; 0.001) and educational level (overall p = 0.001) remained associated with GDM, whereas maternal age was not independently associated after adjustment. Hypertension (24.5% vs. 2.0%; p &lt; 0.001), eclampsia (3.8% vs. 0%; p = 0.028), cesarean delivery (52.8% vs. 28.0%; p &lt; 0.001), and fetal macrosomia (21.7% vs. 12.0%; p = 0.037) were more frequent among women with GDM. No significant difference was observed in neonatal birth weight. Conclusions: Pre-pregnancy obesity and educational level were independently associated with GDM. Women with GDM more frequently experienced hypertensive complications, cesarean delivery, and fetal macrosomia; however, these findings were based on unadjusted analyses and should be interpreted cautiously. Further multicenter prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings in Central Asian populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23080959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T17:16:34Z","timestamp":1785172594000},"page":"959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Public Health-Relevant Factors Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Obstetric Outcomes: A Case\u2013Control Study from Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Togzhan","family":"Serbatyrova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, NJSC \u201cSemey Medical University\u201d, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulnar","family":"Shalgumbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medical Practice, NJSC \u201cSemey Medical University\u201d, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assel","family":"Tukinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, NJSC \u201cSemey Medical University\u201d, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulnara","family":"Sarsebayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Therapy, NJSC \u201cSemey Medical University\u201d, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0143-3847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Danyarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0098-8","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"5","author":"McIntyre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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