{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T09:04:52Z","timestamp":1785229492684,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health","IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Few national comparisons exist on healthcare utilization among e-scooter users, and prior research was limited by the absence of e-scooter-specific ICD-10-CM codes before 2021. Using newly implemented codes, this cross-sectional study compared emergency department disposition and injury patterns between e-scooter riders and bicyclists using the 2021 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (n = 239,457 weighted encounters). Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for demographic, geographic, and temporal confounders, with interaction terms for insurance status, substance use, and motor vehicle involvement. E-scooter riders were more often female (46.5% vs. 24.7%) and under age 18 (47.6% vs. 37.4%) than bicyclists. Overall adjusted odds of admission or transfer did not differ significantly between groups (OR = 1.03; 95% CI: 0.86\u20131.23). Motor vehicle involvement significantly modified this relationship, with e-scooter riders showing higher odds of admission (OR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.12\u20132.48). No significant effect modification was detected for insurance status or substance use. E-scooter riders more frequently sustained distal extremity fractures consistent with low-energy falls, while bicyclists experienced more proximal fractures and internal trauma. Updated ICD-10-CM codes improve e-scooter injury surveillance, and motor vehicle involvement represents a priority target for mode-specific prevention and infrastructure investment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23080972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T08:52:01Z","timestamp":1785228721000},"page":"972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["E-Scooter and Bicycle Healthcare Utilization in U.S. Emergency Departments: Examined Through Mode-Specific Diagnostic Codes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8320-5414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leomar","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5419-3116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiana","family":"Zimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Jackman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City of Tampa Mobility Department, Tampa, FL 33602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1879-6356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Liller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0077-6023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason L.","family":"Salemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Federal Highway Administration (2025, May 25). 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