{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:29:08Z","timestamp":1786364948880,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Committee of Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["BR28512329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR28512329"]}]},{"award":["BR28512329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR28512329"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tyne317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health","IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction. Mortality rates from malignant neoplasms can be considered a key marker of adverse environmental impacts. The aim of this study was to assess the association between exposure to ionizing radiation and the risk of mortality from malignant neoplasms among the population of Kazakhstan living in areas adjacent to the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site (SNTS). Materials and Methods. The main source of data used in this study was the mortality sub-register of the population living in territories adjacent to the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site (SNTS). The main study group included residents of the Abay District (n = 1300) and Beskaragay District (n = 414). In total, 478 residents of the Kokpekty District, where the radiation dose was minimal, were included in the control group. The median effective radiation dose was 864 mSv for the population of the exposed group, whereas in the control group, it was 67 mSv. Results. The highest RR values were observed in the periods 1965\u20131969 (RR = 6.14; 95% CI: 4.04\u20139.34) and 1970\u20131974 (RR = 6.14; 95% CI: 4.19\u20138.99). Age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) in the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group. A dose\u2013response relationship was established: with each 10.0 mSv increase in radiation dose, the risk of cancer mortality increased by 0.9% (OR = 1.009; 95% CI: 1.008\u20131.010; p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions. The obtained results indicate a significant association between long-term exposure to ionizing radiation due to testing at the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site and increased cancer mortality among the population of adjacent territories.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23081037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T01:20:03Z","timestamp":1786324803000},"page":"1037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Radiation Exposure and Cancer Mortality in Populations Living Around the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site in Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Altay","family":"Dyussupov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Rector, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rauan","family":"Kissina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nailya","family":"Chaizhunussova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dariya","family":"Shabdarbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Vice Rector, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Orekhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4513-4614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhanargul","family":"Smailova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Vice Rector, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8240-361X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meruyert","family":"Massabayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory Center, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assel","family":"Baibussinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6980-999X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Lipikhina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Radiation Medicine and Ecology, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulia","family":"Brait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Radiation Medicine and Ecology, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexey","family":"Klivenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shakarim Lab, Shakarim University, Semey 070000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saulesh","family":"Apbassova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulnara","family":"Batenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9810-9232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murat","family":"Lepesbayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saule","family":"Kozhanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asset","family":"Izdenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raushan","family":"Dosmagambetova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Rector, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8035-4866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyudmila","family":"Pivina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-15-0578","article-title":"Global Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates and Trends\u2014An Update","volume":"25","author":"Torre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac238","article-title":"Lifestyle, genetic risk and incidence of cancer: A prospective cohort study of 13 cancer types","volume":"52","author":"Byrne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Bray, F., Colombet, M., Mery, L., Pieros, M., Znaor, A., Zanetti, R., and Ferlay, J. (2017). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, International Agency for Research on Cancer."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000761","article-title":"Site-Specific SolidCancer Mortality after Exposure to Ionizing Radiation: A Co-hort Study of Workers (INWORKS)","volume":"29","author":"Richardson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1667\/RR14583.1","article-title":"Lung, Laryngeal and Other Respiratory Cancer Incidence among Japanese Atomic Bomb Survivors: An Updated Analysis from 1958 through 2009","volume":"187","author":"Cahoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2819.1","article-title":"Radiation and Smoking Effects on Lung Cancer Incidence by Histological Types among Atomic Bomb Survivors","volume":"178","author":"Egawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Nugent, R.W., Zhumadilov, Z.S., Gusev, B.I., and Hoshi, M. (2000). Health effects of radiation associated with nuclear weapons testing at the Semipalatinsk nuclear weapons test site. New York: Semipalatinsk\/Hiroshima (PDF) the Legacies of Soviet Nu-Clear Testing in Kazakhstan. Fallout, Public Health and Societal Issues, Nakamoto Sogo Printing Co., Ltd."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2025.107793","article-title":"Global trends in research on Semipalatinsk nuclear testing health effects: A bibliometric analysis and short review","volume":"290","author":"Chaizhunussova","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Radioact."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s004110050072","article-title":"The Semipalatinsk nuclear test site: A first assessment of the radiological situation and the test-related radiation doses in the surrounding territories","volume":"36","author":"Gusev","year":"1997","journal-title":"Radiat. Environ. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Apsalikov, K., Rozenson, R., and Madiyeva, M. (2005, January 9\u201311). Registry for radiation exposed near the SNTS. Proceedings of the 3rd Dosimetry Workshop on the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site Area 10th Hiroshima Internetional Symposium, Hiroshima, Japan."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2018.09.016","article-title":"Associations between depression, anxiety and medication adherence among patients with arterial hypertension: Comparison between persons exposed and non-exposed to radiation from the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site","volume":"195","author":"Dyussenova","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Radioact."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyussupov, A., Shabdarbayeva, D., Chaizhunussova, N., Orekhov, A., Alibayeva, G., Baibussinova, A., Abenova, M., Massabayeva, M., Lipikhina, A., and Abdildinova, G. (2025). Long-Term Exposure to Ionizing Radiation from the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site and Risk of Cardiovascular Mortality. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22121781"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2211.1","article-title":"Mortality from cardiovascular diseases in the Semipalatinsk historical cohort, 1960\u20131999, and its relationship to radiation exposure","volume":"176","author":"Grosche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3423.1","article-title":"Radiation exposure due to local fallout from Soviet atmospheric nuclear weapons testing in Kazakhstan: Solid cancer mortality in the Semipalatinsk historical cohort, 1960\u20131999","volume":"164","author":"Bauer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"611","article-title":"Esophagus cancer and radiation exposure due to nuclear test fallout: An analysis based on the data of the Semipalatinsk historical cohort, 1960\u20131999","volume":"46","author":"Bauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiatsionnaia Biol. Radioecol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-018-0762-5","article-title":"The State Scientific Automated Medical Registry, Kazakhstan: An important resource for low-dose radiation health research","volume":"58","author":"Apsalikov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiat. Environ. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"127","article-title":"Studies of Health Effects from Nuclear Testing near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, Kazakhstan","volume":"4","author":"Grosche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cent. Asian J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Apsalikov, K., and Gusev, B.I. (2010). Methodological recommendations. Assessment of Effective Equivalent Doses of Ionizing Radiation in the Population Living in Areas Contaminated During Tests at the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, Semey Medical University. Chapter 1."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.47.A1","article-title":"Around Semipalatinsk nuclear test site: Progress of dose estimations relevant to the consequences of nuclear tests (a summary of 3rd Dosimetry Workshop on the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site area, RIRBM, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 9\u201311 March 2005)","volume":"47","author":"Stepanenko","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3172.1","article-title":"Review of methods of dose estimation for epidemiological studies of the radiological impact of Nevada test site and global fallout","volume":"166","author":"Beck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-001-0139-y","article-title":"Fallout from nuclear tests: Dosimetry in Kazakhstan","volume":"41","author":"Gordeev","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiat. Environ. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A143","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.47.A143","article-title":"External dose estimates for Dolon village: Application of the U.S.\/Russian joint methodology","volume":"47","author":"Simon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE-23-00059.1","article-title":"Leukemia, Lymphoma, and Multiple Myeloma Mortality in the Russian Mayak Worker Cohort 1948-2015","volume":"204","author":"Sokolnikov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A43","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/29\/2A\/S04","article-title":"Cancer and non-cancer effects in Japanese atomic bomb survivors","volume":"29","author":"Little","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Radiol. Prot."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2026, March 04). Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan \u201cOn Social Protection of Citizens Affected by Nuclear Tests at the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site\u201d Dated 18 December 1992; No. 1787-XII. Available online: https:\/\/adilet.zan.kz\/eng\/docs\/Z920003600_."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2023.2245463","article-title":"Assessing the impact of neutron relative biological effectiveness on all solid cancer mortality risks in the Japanese atomic bomb survivors","volume":"100","author":"Hafner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.70155","article-title":"Mortality from cancer and non-cancer diseases in the Lithuanian cohort of Chernobyl cleanup workers (2001\u20132020)","volume":"158","author":"Steponaviciene","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22037","article-title":"Estimates of the cancer burden in Europe from radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident","volume":"119","author":"Cardis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgaa008","article-title":"Evaluation of Confounding and Selection Bias in Epidemiological Studies of Populations Exposed to Low-Dose, High-Energy Photon Radiation","volume":"2020","author":"Cardis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27749","article-title":"Long-term trend of thyroid cancer risk among Japanese atomic-bomb survivors: 60 years after exposure","volume":"132","author":"Furukawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE-21-00059.1","article-title":"Comparison of All Solid Cancer Mortality and Incidence Dose-Response in the Life Span Study of Atomic Bomb Survivors, 1958\u20132009","volume":"197","author":"Brenner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.20.1555","article-title":"Tumors of the nervous system and pituitary gland associated with atomic bomb radiation exposure","volume":"94","author":"Preston","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00599-y","article-title":"Radiation risk of central nervous system tumors in the Life Span Study of atomic bomb survivors, 1958\u20132009","volume":"35","author":"Brenner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"66","article-title":"Risk of Prostate Cancer Incidence among Atomic Bomb Survivors: 1958\u20132009","volume":"195","author":"Mabuchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2023-109192","article-title":"Mortality follow-up of Fernald Feed Materials Production Center workers exposed to uranium from 1951 to 1985","volume":"81","author":"Milder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chirikova, E., Ronckers, C.M., Little, M.P., Quinn, E., Liu, B., Hu, R., Gillan, M.T., Frangione, B., Benzouak, T., and Srivastava, T. (2026). Breast cancer incidence and mortality in population studies of radiation exposure: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Cancer.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-026-03503-0"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"285","article-title":"Perspective: National Cancer Institute summary report about estimated exposures and thyroid doses received from iodine 131 in fallout after Nevada atmospheric nuclear bomb tests","volume":"48","author":"Hundahl","year":"1998","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-200205000-00015","article-title":"Estimates of doses from global fallout","volume":"82","author":"Bouville","year":"2002","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3232","article-title":"Effect of recent changes in atomic bomb survivor dosimetry on cancer mortality risk estimates","volume":"162","author":"Preston","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.2307\/3578892","article-title":"Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part II: Solid tumors, 1958\u20131987","volume":"137","author":"Thompson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"229","article-title":"The effects of neutrons in Hiroshima. Implications for the risk estimates","volume":"322","author":"Kellerer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. III"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.178","article-title":"Clinical presentation and clinical outcomes in Chernobyl-related paediatric thyroid cancers: What do we know now? What can we expect in the future?","volume":"23","author":"Tuttle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.33145\/2304-8336-2024-29-419-424","article-title":"Structure and characteristics of the chornobyl npp accident survivors reasons of death according to the materials of medical expertise for the causal relationship of diseases with the effect of ionizing radiation in the remote postaccidental period (2024 year)","volume":"29","author":"Sushko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Probl. Radiatsiinoi Medytsyny Radiobiolohii"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/8\/1037\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T11:40:17Z","timestamp":1786362017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/8\/1037"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph23081037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph23081037","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]]}}}