{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T08:31:04Z","timestamp":1786350664373,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health Office for Research on Women\u2019s Health","award":["K12HD101373-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12HD101373-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health","IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The adultification of Black adolescent girls, viewing them as less innocent and more adult-like, has implications for their sexual and psychological well-being. Adultification creates bias, which hyper-sexualizes Black girls, increasing vulnerability to early sexual activity, sexual abuse, and lack of support, while hindering their ability to seek protection. However, protection from parents, peers, and communities may play a critical role in mitigating this risk for Black girls. The current study examined the role of maternal, paternal, peer friendships, and communal protective factors in mediating the association between adultification and sexual risk among Black girls. Girls\u2019 responses (N = 575), 9\u201318 years old, were analyzed. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to estimate the mediating effects of protective factors (mother, father, friendship, and communal) on adultification and sexual risk. In separate mediation models, paternal relationships and friendship partially mediated the association between adultification and sexual risk. However, in a parallel mediation model that simultaneously examined maternal and paternal relationships, friendship, and community protection, friendship emerged as the only significant indirect pathway. Greater adultification was associated with stronger peer friendship, which in turn was associated with greater sexual risk. Programs, policies, and interventions addressing the sexual health of Black girls should consider how peer relationships shape responses to adultification and promote peer environments that support healthy sexual development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23081039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T08:08:53Z","timestamp":1786349333000},"page":"1039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protective Relationships, Adultification, and Sexual Risk Among Black Adolescent Girls: Examining Maternal, Paternal, Peer, and Community Influences"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0178-2844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasha","family":"Crooks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Avenue, Room 816, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1718-6361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nyssa","family":"Snow Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Health, Psychology, DePaul University, 1 E. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, IL 60604, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7791-9419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail","family":"Bushnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Health, Psychology, DePaul University, 1 E. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, IL 60604, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5893-6758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabiatu","family":"Barrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Science Department, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, 4200 Valley Drive, Suite 2242, College Park, MD 20742-2611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5243-3022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Castelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Avenue, Room 816, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Sissoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social, Behavioral Sciences and Center, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520-0834, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, November 05). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses, Deaths, and Prevalence of HIV in the United States and 6 Territories and Freely Associated States, 2022. Report No.: 35. May 2024, Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv-data\/nhss\/hiv-diagnoses-deaths-prevalence.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"DuMonthier, A., Childers, C.E., and Milli, J. (2017). 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