{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T20:43:12Z","timestamp":1790368992022,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nutrition Drive for Healthy Diet Initiative","award":["FE_2022_0103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FE_2022_0103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health","IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rising burden of obesity and non-communicable diseases among young people has prompted global recommendations for healthier food environments, but evidence is limited across African universities. This study aims to assess the healthiness and spatial distribution of university food environments using in-store retail audits and outdoor food advertising assessments. Outdoor food advertisements were audited in two universities (excluding the University of Ibadan), while retail stores were assessed across three participating institutions within a 300\u2013500 m radius of each campus. Data were collected using the INFORMAS protocol and the NEMS-S-MED in-store audit tool, respectively, alongside spatial analyses. A total of 76 food advertisements and 145 food retail stores were identified. Less than one-tenth (7.5%) of advertised products were healthy. Healthier foods in retail stores were predominantly characterised by moderately low (37.2%) and medium (31.7%) availability, while affordability was low (73.1%), resulting in over half being classified as having a low (51.7%) degree of healthiness. These differed significantly across institutions (p &lt; 0.05), with the University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN) having a more diverse, spatially dispersed and healthier food environment. There is a need to restrict unhealthy food advertising and encourage vendors\u2019 procurement and the sale of healthier foods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23081052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T17:01:35Z","timestamp":1786640495000},"page":"1052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mapping the Healthiness of Campus Food Environments in Nigeria: In-Store Retail and Outdoor Advertising Assessments at Selected Universities\u2014The NigeFE Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1554-5970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gideon Onyedikachi","family":"Iheme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Studies, Nutrition and Dietetics, Uppsala University, SE-751 22 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike 440109, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ogechi Chinyere","family":"Nzeagwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike 440109, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuoluwapo Funmilayo","family":"Taiwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2408-9006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uju Maryanne","family":"Onuorah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amarachi Precious","family":"Nwonu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki 480282, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9339-0661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Temitope Bodunde","family":"Ayegbusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Technology, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba 101212, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gift","family":"Isaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike 440109, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chioma Onuoha","family":"Igboamagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike 440109, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flourish Chizurum","family":"Stephen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike 440109, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nnenna Hope","family":"Ugwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike 440109, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinyere","family":"Ikejiofor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Unit, National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, Isolo, Lagos 102214, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2025.102755","article-title":"Towards studying students\u2019 autonomy-regulation strategies as a specific part of their motivation regulation","volume":"123","author":"Zenger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Learn. 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