{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T04:26:32Z","timestamp":1787372792152,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health","IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psychosocial working conditions are important determinants of employee health, work ability, and organizational sustainability, yet existing instruments often assess job demands, job resources, psychosocial risks, or well-being outcomes separately. This study examined the structural validity of the Multidimensional Psychosocial Work Experience Scale for Employed Persons (MPWES), an instrument designed to assess a multidimensional occupational psychosocial profile comprising workplace conditions and demands, psychosocial resources, adverse exposures, health-related experiences, and subjective functioning. A cross-sectional validation study was conducted among 1631 employees from the pharmaceutical, energy, healthcare, and administrative sectors in Latvia. Confirmatory factor analysis with the robust WLSMV estimator was used to test the predefined measurement model. The refined eight-factor model demonstrated acceptable fit in the calibration subsample (N = 400; CFI = 0.930, TLI = 0.922, RMSEA = 0.066, SRMR = 0.078) and was replicated in the held-out validation subsample (N = 1231; CFI = 0.911, TLI = 0.901, RMSEA = 0.068, SRMR = 0.067). Reliability indices were acceptable for several domains, although some factors showed modest or borderline values. Discriminant validity was supported, with all HTMT values below 0.85, and measurement invariance testing supported configural, metric, scalar, and strict invariance across samples. The findings provide initial evidence of the MPWES\u2019s structural validity and measurement stability in the present sample. However, further studies using external validity criteria, longitudinal designs, and culturally diverse samples are needed before the scale can be considered fully validated for broader occupational and public health applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23081080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T13:14:01Z","timestamp":1787145241000},"page":"1080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychosocial Well-Being at Work: Large-Sample Structural Validation of the Multidimensional Psychosocial Work Experience Scale for Employed Persons (MPWES)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Evija","family":"Nagle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Unit, Riga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, Dzirciema iela 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1763-4218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iluta","family":"Skr\u016bzkalne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Unit, Riga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, Dzirciema iela 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9120-5869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maksims","family":"Zolovs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Unit, Riga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, Dzirciema iela 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Vien\u012bbas iela 13, LV-5401 Daugavpils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Je\u013cena","family":"Perevoz\u010dikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Unit, Riga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, Dzirciema iela 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otto","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business and Law, University of Agder, Gimlemoen 25, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7376-3776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrejs","family":"Ivanovs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Unit, Riga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, Dzirciema iela 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ieva","family":"Reine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Unit, Riga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, Dzirciema iela 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, SE-751 22 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.5502\/ijw.v2i3.4","article-title":"The challenge of defining wellbeing","volume":"2","author":"Dodge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Wellbeing"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.115","article-title":"Advances and open questions in the science of subjective well-being","volume":"4","author":"Diener","year":"2018","journal-title":"Collabra Psychol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"97","article-title":"Conceptualizations of wellbeing: Insights from a prototype analysis on New Zealand workers","volume":"15","author":"Hone","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayden, A., Gaudet, C., and Wilson, J. (2022). Towards Sustainable Well-Being: Moving Beyond GDP in Canada and the World, University of Toronto Press.","DOI":"10.3138\/9781487537067"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Helliwell, J.F., Layard, R., and Sachs, J.D. (2019). Happiness and community: An overview. World Happiness Report 2019, Sustainable Development Solutions Network."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"OECD (2017). OECD Guidelines on Measuring the Quality of the Working Environment, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). Healthy Workplaces: A Model for Action: For Employers, Workers, Policy-Makers and Practitioners, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). WHO Guidelines on Mental Health at Work, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.86.3.499","article-title":"The job demands-resources model of burnout","volume":"86","author":"Demerouti","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"357","article-title":"Health and well-being in the workplace: A review and synthesis of the literature","volume":"25","author":"Danna","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"247","article-title":"Moral Distress of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Nurses in Latvia","volume":"92","author":"Nagle","year":"2024","journal-title":"AANA J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000512203.08844.1d","article-title":"A collaborative state of the science initiative: Transforming moral distress into moral resilience in nursing","volume":"117","author":"Rushton","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJN Am. J. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagle, E., Cerela-Boltunova, O., Blumberga, S., Mihailova, S., and Griskevica, I. (2023). The Burnout and Professional Deformation of Latvian Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic at the Traumatology and Orthopaedics Hospital. Soc. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci12030175"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagle, E., \u0160uri\u0146a, S., and Gri\u0161k\u0113vi\u010da, I. (2023). Healthcare Workers\u2019 Moral Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review. Soc. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci12070371"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940710733115","article-title":"The job demands-resources model: State of the art","volume":"22","author":"Bakker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Manag. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030020205","article-title":"The measurement of experienced burnout","volume":"2","author":"Maslach","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chari, R., Chang, C.-C., Sauter, S.L., Petrun Sayers, E.L., Huang, W., and Fisher, G.G. (2024). NIOSH Worker Well-Being Questionnaire (WellBQ), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2021-110.","DOI":"10.1037\/t95990-000"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164405282471","article-title":"The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study","volume":"66","author":"Schaufeli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Kahneman, D., Diener, E., and Schwarz, N. (1999). Well-being and the workplace. Well-Being: Foundations of Hedonic Psychology, Russell Sage Foundation."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Warr, P. (2007). Work, Happiness, and Unhappiness, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.68","article-title":"Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being","volume":"55","author":"Ryan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgdyn.2017.04.008","article-title":"Applying the Job Demands-Resources model: A \u201chow to\u201d guide to measuring and tackling work engagement and burnout","volume":"46","author":"Schaufeli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Organ. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1037\/ocp0000056","article-title":"Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward","volume":"22","author":"Bakker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.3.513","article-title":"Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress","volume":"44","author":"Hobfoll","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640","article-title":"Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences","volume":"5","author":"Hobfoll","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-120920-053933","article-title":"Job demands-resources theory: Ten years later","volume":"10","author":"Bakker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagle, E., Griskevica, I., Rajevska, O., Ivanovs, A., Mihailova, S., and Skruzkalne, I. (2024). Factors affecting healthcare workers\u2019 burnout and their conceptual models: Scoping review. BMC Psychol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-02130-9"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skr\u016bzkalne, I., Nagle, E., Se\u0146k\u0101ne, S., Rajevska, O., Nyberg, A., Zamalijeva, O., Ivanovs, A., and Reine, I. (2026). Psychosocial Work Factors, Well-Being, and Health Pathways to Sickness Absence: An Integrated GLM-SEM Approach. Adm. Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci16010007"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). Classifying Health Workers: Mapping Occupations to the International Standard Classification, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"OECD (2020). How\u2019s Life? 2020: Measuring Well-Being, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"OECD (2017). OECD Guidelines on Measuring Trust, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2018.1529065","article-title":"The job demands-resources model: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies","volume":"33","author":"Lesener","year":"2019","journal-title":"Work. Stress"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00521.x","article-title":"The measurement of well-being and other aspects of mental health","volume":"63","author":"Warr","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Occup. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Brown, T.A. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research, Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Kline, R.B. (2023). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, Guilford Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1108\/RAUSP-05-2019-0098","article-title":"Development and validation of attitudes measurement scales: Fundamental and practical aspects","volume":"54","author":"Hair","year":"2019","journal-title":"RAUSP Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076546","article-title":"Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey","volume":"60","author":"Hackman","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2307\/2392498","article-title":"Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign","volume":"24","author":"Karasek","year":"1979","journal-title":"Adm. Sci. Q."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.1.1.27","article-title":"Adverse health effects of high-effort\/low-reward conditions","volume":"1","author":"Siegrist","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00929796","article-title":"Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: Development of the Job Satisfaction Survey","volume":"13","author":"Spector","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.5.2.219","article-title":"Using the Job-Related Affective Well-Being Scale (JAWS) to investigate affective responses to work stressors","volume":"5","author":"Fox","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.57.6.1069","article-title":"Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being","volume":"57","author":"Ryff","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B.G., Fidell, L.S., and Ullman, J.B. (2019). Using Multivariate Statistics, Pearson. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0619-7","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: Comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555","article-title":"Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests","volume":"16","author":"Cronbach","year":"1951","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19312458.2020.1718629","article-title":"Use omega rather than Cronbach\u2019s alpha for estimating reliability. But\u2026","volume":"14","author":"Hayes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Methods Meas."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-014-0403-8","article-title":"A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling","volume":"43","author":"Henseler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acad. Mark. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taris, T.W., and Schaufeli, W.B. (2018). Individual well-being and performance at work: A conceptual and theoretical overview. Current Issues in Work and Organizational Psychology, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429468339-11"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2370.2009.00270.x","article-title":"Happiness at work","volume":"12","author":"Fisher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van der Heijden, B.I.J.M., Brown, M., and Xu, Y. (2019). Impact of job demands and resources on nurses\u2019 burnout and occupational turnover intention towards an age-moderated mediation model for the nursing profession. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16112011"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2016.06.004","article-title":"Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research","volume":"41","author":"Putnick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","article-title":"Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/8\/1080\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T04:10:45Z","timestamp":1787371845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/8\/1080"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph23081080"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph23081080","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]}}}