{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:15:29Z","timestamp":1790795729941,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,18]],"date-time":"2010-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1263772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aflatoxins are food contaminants usually associated with hepatitis, immunodepression, impairment of fertility and cancer. The present work was to determine the presence of aflatoxins in eggs, milk, urine, and blood samples that were collected from various sources and periods; and hepatitis B virus antigen in blood samples. Aflatoxin was found in eggs (45.2%), cow raw milk (15.9%), breast milk (4.8%), urine from kwashiorkor and marasmic kwashiorkor children (45.5%), and sera from primary liver cancer patients (63.9%); HbsAg was also detected in 69.4% of the serum samples, but there was no association between both factors. Both AF and hepatitis B virus seem to be risk factors that could increase the incidence and prevalence rates of malnutrition and cancer in Cameroon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7010178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,19]],"date-time":"2010-01-19T09:52:54Z","timestamp":1263894774000},"page":"178-188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["Aflatoxin Contamination in Food and Body Fluids in Relation to Malnutrition and Cancer Status in Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Angele  N.","family":"Tchana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaound\u00e9 I, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul F.","family":"Moundipa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaound\u00e9 I, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e9licit\u00e9  M.","family":"Tchouanguep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaound\u00e9 I, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-58.12.1395","article-title":"Aspergillus flavus: aflatoxigenic fungi of concern in foods and feed","volume":"58","author":"Gourama","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Food Protection"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.5.1106","article-title":"Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions","volume":"80","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh262","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 albumin adduct levels and cellular immune status in Ghanians","volume":"17","author":"Jian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Immunol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/9.3.441","article-title":"Comparative metabolism and DNA binding of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1, aflatoxicol and aflatoxicol-M1 in hepatocytes from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)","volume":"9","author":"Loveland","year":"1988","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbas, HK (2005). Aflatoxin and Food Safety, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420028171"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbas, HK (2005). Aflatoxin and Food Safety, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420028171"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"93","article-title":"Presence d\u2019aflatoxines dans certains aliments comsomm\u00e9s au Cameroun","volume":"2","author":"Domngang","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann. Fac. Sc. Biol. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"65","article-title":"Aflatoxines dans les aliments pr\u00eats \u00e0 la consummation au Cameroun","volume":"1","author":"Domngang","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cam. J. Biol. Biochem Sc"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"7","article-title":"Aflatoxins in chicken feeds and naturally contaminated eggs","volume":"6","author":"Tchouanguep","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microb. Hyg. Ali"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbas, HK (2005). Aflatoxin and Food Safety, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420028171"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300204","article-title":"Increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in male hepatitis B surface antigen carriers with chronic hepatitis who have detectable urinary aflatoxin metabolite M1","volume":"30","author":"Sun","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgl060","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of human liver cancer: insights into etiology, pathogenesis and prevention from The Gambia, West Africa","volume":"27","author":"Kirk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Neba, A (1999). Modern Geography of the Republic of Cameroon, Neba Publishers. [3rd ed]."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"IARC Technical report (1985). Monotoring of aflatoxins in human body fluids and application to field studies. Cancer Res, 45, 922\u2013928."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/02652038709373649","article-title":"HPLC determination of the total content of aflatoxins in naturally contaminated eggs and free conjugate forms","volume":"4","author":"Micco","year":"1987","journal-title":"Food Add. Contamin"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(00)84384-4","article-title":"High performance liquid chromatography of aflatoxins in human urine","volume":"275","author":"Tongtavuch","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Chromatography"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(80)90151-6","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 in the serum of patient with primary hepatic carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Wray","year":"1980","journal-title":"Environ. Res"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"317","article-title":"Determination of aflatoxicol, afaltoxins B1 and M1 in egg","volume":"67","author":"Truckness","year":"1984","journal-title":"JAOAC"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003","article-title":"Mycotoxins","volume":"16","author":"Bennet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1473","article-title":"Development of chicks exposed to aflatoxin B1 during embryogenesis","volume":"59","author":"Tiwari","year":"1989","journal-title":"Indian J. Animal. Sci"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0622176","article-title":"Aflatoxicol, aflatoxin B1 and M1 in eggs and tissues of laying hens consuming aflatoxin contaminated feed","volume":"62","author":"Truckness","year":"1983","journal-title":"Poultry Sci"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Smith, JE, and Moss, MO (1985). Mycotoxins: Formation, Analysis and significance, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"403","article-title":"Detection and determination of Aflatoxin M1 in milk and powdered milk","volume":"30","author":"Joostens","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Res. Agric. Brux"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"255","article-title":"Aflatoxin M1 in liquid and powdered milk","volume":"189","author":"Schuller","year":"1977","journal-title":"Zesz. Probl. Postep. Nank Roln"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"746","article-title":"Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw and pasteurized milk and in Feta and Teleme cheese samples","volume":"44","author":"Karaioannoglou","year":"1989","journal-title":"Milchwissenschaft"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.296.6627.968","article-title":"Aflatoxin in brest milk, neonatal cord blood and serum of pregnant women","volume":"296","author":"Lamplugh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br. Med. J"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"375","article-title":"Transformations m\u00e9taboliques de l\u2019aflatoxin B1 et effet sur la synth\u00e8se des acides nucl\u00e9iques et des prot\u00e9ines","volume":"28","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Aliment"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7354.20","article-title":"Dietary aflatoxin exposure and impaired growth in young children from Benin and Togo: cross sectional study","volume":"325","author":"Gong","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/37.6.300","article-title":"Aflatoxin Exposure and its Relationship to Kwashiorkor in African Children","volume":"37","author":"Househam","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediat"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"33","article-title":"Effect of Aflatoxin B1 on distribution of Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn in rat Tissues","volume":"17","author":"Boyle","year":"1977","journal-title":"Vet. Toxicol. Entomol. Res. Lab"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dvo\u0159\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, I (1990). Aflatoxins and Human Health, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439805282"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.8.602","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology: on the path to prevention","volume":"92","author":"Perera","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/7\/1\/178\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:01:13Z","timestamp":1760220073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/7\/1\/178"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,18]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph7010178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph7010178","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,18]]}}}