{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:02:34Z","timestamp":1792843354960,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,20]],"date-time":"2010-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1279584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Both the recent classification of naphthalene as a possible human carcinogen and its ubiquitous presence motivate this critical review of naphthalene\u2019s sources and exposures. We evaluate the environmental literature on naphthalene published since 1990, drawing on nearly 150 studies that report emissions and concentrations in indoor, outdoor and personal air. While naphthalene is both a volatile organic compound and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, concentrations and exposures are poorly characterized relative to many other pollutants. Most airborne emissions result from combustion, and key sources include industry, open burning, tailpipe emissions, and cigarettes. The second largest source is off-gassing, specifically from naphthalene\u2019s use as a deodorizer, repellent and fumigant. In the U.S., naphthalene\u2019s use as a moth repellant has been reduced in favor of para-dichlorobenzene, but extensive use continues in mothballs, which appears responsible for some of the highest indoor exposures, along with off-label uses. Among the studies judged to be representative, average concentrations ranged from 0.18 to 1.7 \u03bcg m-3 in non-smoker\u2019s homes, and from 0.02 to 0.31 \u03bcg m-3 outdoors in urban areas. Personal exposures have been reported in only three European studies. Indoor sources are the major contributor to (non-occupational) exposure. While its central tendencies fall well below guideline levels relevant to acute health impacts, several studies have reported maximum concentrations exceeding 100 \u03bcg m-3, far above guideline levels. Using current but draft estimates of cancer risks, naphthalene is a major environmental risk driver, with typical individual risk levels in the 10-4 range, which is high and notable given that millions of individuals are exposed. Several factors influence indoor and outdoor concentrations, but the literature is inconsistent on their effects. Further investigation is needed to better characterize naphthalene\u2019s sources and exposures, especially for indoor and personal measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7072903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,21]],"date-time":"2010-07-21T02:19:50Z","timestamp":1279678790000},"page":"2903-2939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":296,"title":["A Critical Review of Naphthalene Sources and Exposures Relevant to Indoor and Outdoor Air"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6541-6478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunrong","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Memphis, 121 Browning Hall, Memphis, TN 38152 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Batterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1420 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"CEH (2000). Chemical Economics Handbook, V. 27, SRI International."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"ATSDR (2005). Toxicological Profile for Naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, and 2-methylnaphthalene, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"NTP (2000). Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Naphthalene (CAS No 91-20-3) in F344\/N Rats (Inhalation Studies) Technical Report Series No 500, National Toxicology Program."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"US EPA (1999). Compendium Method TO-15, Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Air Collected in Specially-Prepared Canisters and Analyzed by Gas Chromatograpy\/Mass Spectrometry (GC\/MS), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2007.10.010","article-title":"Available data on naphthalene exposures: Strengths and limitations","volume":"51","author":"Price","year":"2008","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharm"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500003","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures of children in low-income families","volume":"9","author":"Chuang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500270","article-title":"Aggregate exposures of nine preschool children to persistent organic pollutants at day care and at home","volume":"13","author":"Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1039\/c000689k","article-title":"Assessment of non-occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through personal air sampling and urinary biomonitoring","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Howard, PH (1989). Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Lewis Publishers."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500361","article-title":"Inhalation of hazardous air pollutants from environmental tobacco smoke in US residences","volume":"14","author":"Nazaroff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-003-0458-1","article-title":"Naphthalene\u2013an environmental and occupational toxicant","volume":"76","author":"Preuss","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"497","article-title":"Occupational PAH exposures during prescribed pile burns","volume":"52","author":"Robinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(02)00384-0","article-title":"Naphthalene toxicity and antioxidant nutrients","volume":"180","author":"Stohs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"IARC (2002). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans\u2013Naphthalene, IARC."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"US EPA (1998). Toxicological Review of Naphthalene, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"NTP (2004). Report on Carcinogens - Naphthalene, Eleventh Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"US EPA Integrated Risk Information System\u2013Naphthalene. Available online: http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/iris\/subst\/0436.htm#refinhal\/ (accessed on 16 March 2010)."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"US EPA (2004). Toxicological Review of Naphthalene [External Review Draft], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2007.10.017","article-title":"The naphthalene state of the science symposium: Objectives, organization, structure, and charge","volume":"51","author":"Belzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharm"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2008.02.003","article-title":"Exposure, epidemiology and human cancer incidence of naphthalene","volume":"51","author":"Griego","year":"2008","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharm"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"US EPA Summary of Results for the 2002 National-Scale Assessment. Available online: http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ttn\/atw\/nata2002\/risksum.html (accessed on 16 March 2010)."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"OEHHA (2009). Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines Part II: Technical Support Document for Cancer Potency Factors, Appendix B, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2010.02.004","article-title":"Screening-level population risk assessment of nasal tumors in the US due to naphthalene exposure","volume":"57","author":"Magee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharm"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"WHO (2006). Development of WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500165","article-title":"The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants","volume":"11","author":"Klepeis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500244","article-title":"It\u2019s about time: A comparison of Canadian and American time-activity patterns","volume":"12","author":"Leech","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"NIOSH National Occupational Exposure Survey, Estimated Numbers of Employees Potentially Exposed to Specific Agents by 2-Digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)\u2013Naphthalene. Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/noes\/noes1\/49600sic.html\/ (accessed on 16 March 2010)."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-004-0593-3","article-title":"Current external and internal exposure to naphthalene of workers occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different industries","volume":"78","author":"Preuss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1039\/B314088C","article-title":"Naphthalene and its biomarkers as measures of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"6","author":"Rappaport","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"ATSDR (2009). ATSDR Minimal Risk Levels, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"OEHHA (2000). Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines Part III. The Determination of Chronic Reference Exposure Levels for Airborne Toxicants, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"MDEQ (2010). Michigan Air Toxic Program, Screening Level List, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"OSHA (2001). 1910.1000 TABLE Z-1, Permissible Exposure Limits for Air Contaminants, Occupational Safety & Health Administration."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"NIOSH (2005). NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Naphthalene, Publication Number 2005-149, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"ACGIH (2009). ACGIH 2009 TLVs\u00ae and BEIs\u00ae Book, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9884","article-title":"Ranking cancer risks of organic hazardous air pollutants in the United States","volume":"115","author":"Loh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-2-00007.x","article-title":"Concentrations of volatile organic-compounds in indoor air\u2013A review","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"1994","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2008.02.002","article-title":"Distributions of personal VOC exposures: A population-based analysis","volume":"34","author":"Jia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Int"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010","article-title":"Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation","volume":"42","author":"Ravindra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.09.045","article-title":"Naphthalene distributions and human exposure in a Southern California","volume":"39","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1021\/es950699m","article-title":"Emission factors for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from biomass burning","volume":"30","author":"Jenkins","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(98)00089-2","article-title":"PAH emission from various industrial stacks","volume":"60","author":"Yang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(99)00097-7","article-title":"PAH emission from the industrial boilers","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1021\/es072062w","article-title":"VOC and particulate emissions from commercial cigarettes: Analysis of 2,5-DMF as an ETS tracer","volume":"42","author":"Charles","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.02.020","article-title":"Composition and emissions of VOCs in main- and side-stream smoke of research cigarettes","volume":"41","author":"Charles","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.01.052","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from joss paper furnaces","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1021\/es011058w","article-title":"Gas-phase organics in environmental tobacco smoke. 1. Effects of smoking rate, ventilation, and furnishing level on emission factors","volume":"36","author":"Singer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1021\/es048745i","article-title":"Emission factors and importance of PCDD\/Fs, PCBs, PCNs, PAHs and PM10 from the domestic burning of coal and wood in the UK","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2005.01.003","article-title":"Emission of particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from select cookstove-fuel systems in Asia","volume":"28","author":"Oanh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenerg"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1021\/es0108077","article-title":"Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 5. C-1-C-32 organic compounds from gasoline-powered motor vehicles","volume":"36","author":"Schauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2004.01.009","article-title":"Study of PAH emission from the solid fuels combustion in residential furnaces","volume":"133","author":"Kakareka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1021\/es001331e","article-title":"Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 3. C-1-C-29 organic compounds from fireplace combustion of wood","volume":"35","author":"Schauer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5276","DOI":"10.1021\/es048086+","article-title":"On-road emission rates of PAH and n-alkane compounds from heavy-duty diesel vehicles","volume":"39","author":"Shah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1021\/es980853f","article-title":"Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and particulate matter from domestic combustion of selected fuels","volume":"33","author":"Oanh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.06.054","article-title":"Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from a UH-1H helicopter engine and its impact on the ambient environment","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3817","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(03)00446-1","article-title":"Exhaust emissions from ships at berth","volume":"37","author":"Cooper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4189","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00192-3","article-title":"Exhaust emissions from high speed passenger ferries","volume":"35","author":"Cooper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.10.022","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission from straw burning and the influence of combustion parameters","volume":"43","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(02)00650-2","article-title":"PAH emission from the open burning of agricultural debris","volume":"308","author":"Kakareka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Won, D, Magee, RJ, Yang, W, Lusztyk, E, Nong, G, and Shaw, CY (2005). A Material Emission Database for 90 Target VOCs. 10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate (Indoor Air 2005), Tsinghua University Press."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"CEH (1993). Chemical Economics Handbook. File 359 on DIALOG, DIALOG Information Services, Inc."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"US EPA (2008). Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Naphthalene, EPA 738-R-07-010, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/15275920590952739","article-title":"Combustion-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment\u2013A review","volume":"6","author":"Lima","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Forensics"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1021\/es001028d","article-title":"A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from energy generation","volume":"34","author":"Mastral","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2003.08.001","article-title":"Emissions of organic air toxics from open burning: a comprehensive review","volume":"30","author":"Lemieux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.05.033","article-title":"Emission and outflow of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from wildfires in China","volume":"42","author":"Yuan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00708180","article-title":"Emissions of polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons by savanna fires","volume":"22","author":"Masclet","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-4-1311-2004","article-title":"Around the world in 17 days\u2013hemispheric-scale transport of forest fire smoke from Russia in May 2003","volume":"4","author":"Damoah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22887","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD900115","article-title":"Transport of boreal forest fire emissions from Canada to Europe","volume":"106","author":"Forster","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1021\/tx700275p","article-title":"A comparison of mainstream and sidestream marijuana and tobacco cigarette smoke produced under two machine smoking conditions","volume":"21","author":"Moir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2009.00639.x","article-title":"Using charcoal as base material reduces mosquito coil emissions of toxins","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.09.041","article-title":"Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the pyrolysis of scrap tires","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.05.054","article-title":"Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the pyrolysis of liquid crystal wastes","volume":"170","author":"Chien","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(02)00668-9","article-title":"Sources and patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in kitchen air, China","volume":"50","author":"Zhu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1021\/es981227l","article-title":"Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in motor vehicle fuels and exhaust emissions","volume":"33","author":"Marr","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4088","DOI":"10.1021\/es0009875","article-title":"Relating liquid fuel and headspace vapor composition for California reformulated gasoline samples containing ethanol","volume":"34","author":"Harley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/55.2.247","article-title":"Assessment of skin absorption and penetration of JP-8 jet fuel and its components","volume":"55","author":"McDougal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"HSDB Hazardous Substances Data Bank\u2013Naphthalene. Available online: http:\/\/sis.nlm.nih.gov\/ (accessed on 16 March 2010)."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Nielsen (2008). Brand Rank Report for Total Moth Preventatives, 52 Weeks Ending 12\/29\/07, AC Nielsen."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(08)62201-9","article-title":"Naphthalene emissions from moth repellents or toilet deodorant blocks determined using head-space and small-chamber tests","volume":"20","author":"Jo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. (China)"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.10.040","article-title":"Domestic sampling: Exposure assessment to moth repellent products using ultrasonic extraction and capillary GC-MS","volume":"71","author":"Desmet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2004.00314.x","article-title":"VOC- and SVOC-emissions from adhesives, floor coverings and complete floor structures","volume":"14","author":"Wilke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"49","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and elements in the air of ten urban homes","volume":"11","author":"Scheff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Indoor Air-Int. J. Indoor Air Qual. Clim"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.07.026","article-title":"Development of a high-resolution (1 km x 1 km, 1 h) emission model for Spain: The High-Elective Resolution Modelling Emission System (HERMES)","volume":"42","author":"Baldasano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"US EPA Toxic Release Inventory (TRI). Available online: http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/triexplorer\/chemical.htm\/ (accessed on 30 November 2009)."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"US EPA National Emissions Inventory (NEI). Available online: http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ttn\/chief\/eiinformation.html\/ (accessed on 30 November 2009)."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Environment Canada National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI). Available online: http:\/\/www.ec.gc.ca\/pdb\/websol\/querysite\/query_e.cfm\/ (accessed on 30 November 2009)."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency Pollutant Release & Transfer Register. Available online: http:\/\/www.emissieregistratie.nl\/ERPUBLIEK\/erpub\/selectie\/criteria.aspx\/ (accessed on 30 November 2009)."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Scottish EPA."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"FOEN Pollutant and transfer registry (PRTR). Available online: http:\/\/www.bafu.admin.ch\/chemikalien\/prtr\/index.html?lang=en\/ (accessed on 30 November 2009)."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820490449511","article-title":"Seasonal and spatial variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vapor-phase and PM 2.5 in Southern California urban and rural communities","volume":"38","author":"Miguel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1021\/es950252d","article-title":"Source apportionment of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from an urban location in Birmingham, UK","volume":"30","author":"Harrison","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(08)62404-3","article-title":"Influence of rice straw burning on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural county of Taiwan","volume":"21","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. (China)"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2003.12.012","article-title":"Estimation of PAHs dry deposition and BaP toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) study at Urban, Industry Park and rural sampling sites in central Taiwan, Taichung","volume":"55","author":"Fang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"117","article-title":"Atmospheric chemistry of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons\u2013formation of atmospheric mutagens","volume":"102","author":"Atkinson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"US EPA (1991). Indoor Concentrations of Environmental Carcinogens, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000463602","article-title":"Review: Indoor concentrations of volatile organic compounds: Implications for comfort, health and regulation","volume":"4","author":"Holcomb","year":"1995","journal-title":"Indoor Built. Environ"},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Hodgson, AT, and Levin, H (2003). Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor Air: A Review of Concentrations Measured in North America since 1990; LBNL-51715, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2007.02.011","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds in indoor environment and photocatalytic oxidation: State of the art","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Int"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1021\/es00177a001","article-title":"Distribution of volatile organic chemicals in outdoor and indoor air\u2013A national VOCs data base","volume":"22","author":"Shah","year":"1988","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6592.2008.01215.x","article-title":"A compilation of statistics for VOCs from post-1990 indoor air concentration studies in North American residences unaffected by subsurface vapor intrusion","volume":"29","author":"Dawson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ground Water Monit. Remediat"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-007-0095-0","article-title":"Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review","volume":"5","author":"Srogi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2005.09.025","article-title":"Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Asia: A review from 1999 to 2004","volume":"142","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut"},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Zhang, Z, Guo, B, and Zhang, JS (2003, January 21\u201323). Determination of volatile organic compounds in residential buildings. Research Triangle Park, NC, USA."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0668.2002.120107.x","article-title":"Volatile organic pollutants in new and established buildings in Melbourne, Australia","volume":"12","author":"Brown","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-008-0342-2","article-title":"Indoor\/ambient residential air toxics results in rural western Montana","volume":"153","author":"Ward","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.11.055","article-title":"VOCs in industrial, urban and suburban neighborhoods, Part 1: Indoor and outdoor concentrations, variation, and risk drivers","volume":"42","author":"Jia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.11.047","article-title":"VOCs in industrial, urban and suburban neighborhoods, Part 2: Factors affecting indoor and outdoor concentrations","volume":"42","author":"Jia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.02.029","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in residential air of ten Chicago area homes: Concentrations and influencing factors","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0668.2001.011001049.x","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and elements in the air of ten urban homes","volume":"11","author":"Scheff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0957-1272(91)90008-3","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons and their derivatives in indoor and outdoor air in an 8-home study","volume":"25","author":"Chuang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ. Part B-Urban Atmosphere"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326X07089005","article-title":"Housing characteristics and indoor concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Quebec City, Canada","volume":"17","author":"Heroux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indoor Built. Environ"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3964","DOI":"10.1021\/es050173u","article-title":"Selected volatile organic compounds in residential air in the city of Ottawa, Canada","volume":"39","author":"Zhu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5350","DOI":"10.1021\/es030715c","article-title":"Indoor and outdoor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in residences surrounding a Soderberg aluminum smelter in Canada","volume":"38","author":"Sanderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3581","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(94)00204-X","article-title":"Assessment of the influence of climatic factors on concentration levels of volatile organic compounds (Vocs) in Canadian homes","volume":"28","author":"Fellin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1021\/es000192y","article-title":"Concentrations and sources of VOCs in urban domestic and public microenvironments","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.11.003","article-title":"Seasonal cycle of indoor-VOCs: comparison of apartments and cities","volume":"38","author":"Schlink","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0668.2003.00206.x","article-title":"Seasonal cycle of VOCs in apartments","volume":"13","author":"Rehwagen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"Yang, X, Zhao, B, and Zhao, R (2005). Proposal for assessment of indoor air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). 10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate (Indoor Air 2005), Tsinghua University Press."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1039\/b401139m","article-title":"Background concentrations of individual and total volatile organic compounds in residential indoor air of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany","volume":"6","author":"Hippelein","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4531","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00230-8","article-title":"VOC concentrations measured in personal samples and residential indoor, outdoor and workplace microenvironments in EXPOLIS-Helsinki, Finland","volume":"35","author":"Edwards","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(94)00309-9","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds in the indoor air of normal and sick houses","volume":"29","author":"Kostiainen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1021\/es001354t","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor air of Hangzhou, China","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s004209900112","article-title":"Indoor exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in traditional houses in Burundi","volume":"73","author":"Viau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.017","article-title":"Concentrations and emissions of gasoline and other vapors from residential vehicle garages","volume":"40","author":"Batterman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2007.01.008","article-title":"Migration of volatile organic compounds from attached garages to residences: A major exposure source","volume":"104","author":"Batterman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Res"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5074","DOI":"10.1021\/es800304y","article-title":"Indoor levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in homes with or without wood burning for heating","volume":"42","author":"Gustafson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00171-5","article-title":"Indoor characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere of Taipei","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(03)00004-3","article-title":"Characterization of ambient volatile organic compounds at a landfill site in Guangzhou, South China","volume":"51","author":"Zou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.1998.10463767","article-title":"Arizona hazardous air pollutants monitoring program","volume":"48","author":"Zielinska","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1021\/es035454l","article-title":"Atmospheric reactions influence seasonal PAH and nitro-PAH concentrations in the Los Angeles basin","volume":"39","author":"Reisen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00547065","article-title":"Ambient air concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, coplanar PCBs, and PAHs at the Mississippi Sandhill Crane National-wildlife-refuge, Jackson county, Mississippi","volume":"33","author":"White","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390802706413","article-title":"Spatial Variability of Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada","volume":"72","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Env. Heal. A\u2013Current Issues"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jes.7500556","article-title":"Determinants of airborne concentrations of volatile organic compounds in rural areas of Western Canada","volume":"18","author":"You","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-005-3546-8","article-title":"Variability in VOC concentrations in an urban area of Delhi","volume":"107","author":"Srivastava","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.10.045","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds in ambient air of Mumbai\u2013India","volume":"40","author":"Srivastava","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(02)00206-6","article-title":"Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Seoul, Korea","volume":"36","author":"Park","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.05.037","article-title":"Temporal variability of selected air toxics in the United States","volume":"41","author":"McCarthy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2003.08.032","article-title":"Seasonal and long-term trends in atmospheric PAH concentrations: Evidence and implications","volume":"128","author":"Prevedouros","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(02)00107-8","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds in some urban locations in United States","volume":"47","author":"Mohamed","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(96)00170-7","article-title":"Seasonal variations of volatile organic compounds in Edmonton, Alberta","volume":"31","author":"Cheng","year":"1997","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/10406630211463","article-title":"Formation and lifetime of polycyclic aromatic compounds during a national-scale transient pollution episode","volume":"22","author":"Lewis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Polycyclic Aromat. Compd"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(02)00059-2","article-title":"Review of air pollution and health impacts in Malaysia","volume":"92","author":"Afroz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Res"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(94)00275-P","article-title":"PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and, gasoline engines, highway tunnels, and wood combustion emissions","volume":"29","author":"Khalili","year":"1995","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010747225479","article-title":"Ambient air quality at the site of a former manufactured gas plant","volume":"68","author":"Collins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4582","DOI":"10.1021\/es9005042","article-title":"Measurement of Personal Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds and Particle Associated PAH in Three UK Regions","volume":"43","author":"Saborit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500084","article-title":"The German Environmental Survey 1990\/92 (GerES II): Sources of personal exposure to volatile organic compounds","volume":"10","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-007-9599-2","article-title":"Long-range atmospheric transport and local pollution sources on PAH concentrations in a South European urban area. Fulfilling of the european directive","volume":"190","author":"Callen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"key":"ref_149","unstructured":"NRC (1991). Human Exposure Assessment of Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities, National Research Council, National Academy of Science."},{"key":"ref_150","unstructured":"US EPA (1999). Compendium Method TO-14A. Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air Using Specially Prepared Canisters with Subsequent Analysis by Gas Chromatography. January 1999. Report No EPA\/625\/R-96\/010b, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2008.10.009","article-title":"Sampling and preconcentration techniques for determination of volatile organic compounds in air samples","volume":"28","author":"Ras","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trac-Trend. Anal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"US EPA (1999). Compendium Method TO-17, Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air Using Active Sampling onto Sorbent Tubes, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.1021\/es990613f","article-title":"Evaluation of a passive sampler for volatile organic compounds at ppb concentrations, varying temperatures, and humidities with 24-h exposures. 2. Sampler performance","volume":"33","author":"Chung","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.12.035","article-title":"Performances of the Radiello\u00ae diffusive sampler for BTEX measurements: Influence of environmental conditions and determination of modelled sampling rates","volume":"39","author":"Plaisance","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1039\/b003385p","article-title":"Performance evaluation of a sorbent tube sampling method using short path thermal desorption for volatile organic compounds","volume":"2","author":"Peng","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit"},{"key":"ref_156","unstructured":"US EPA (1999). Compendium Method TO-13A, Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Ambient Air Using Gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry (GC\/MS), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1021\/es015727h","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the indoor and outdoor air of three cities in the US","volume":"36","author":"Naumova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_158","unstructured":"Fortune, A, Gendron, L, and Tuday, M (2009). Comparison of naphthalene ambient air sampling & analysis methods at former manufactured gas plant (MGP) remediation sites. Int J Soil Sediment Water, 3, Article 1."},{"key":"ref_159","unstructured":"MacIntosh, DL, and Spengler, JD (2000). Human Exposure Assessment, Wolrd Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2008.10.117","article-title":"Analysis of industrial contaminants in indoor air: Part 1. Volatile organic compounds, carbonyl compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls","volume":"1216","author":"Barro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8083191","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,20]],"date-time":"2010-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1279584000000}}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/7\/7\/2903\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T06:55:28Z","timestamp":1754290528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/7\/7\/2903"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,20]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph7072903"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph7072903","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3390\/ijerph8083191","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,20]]}}}