{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T12:40:11Z","timestamp":1781527211696,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,30]],"date-time":"2011-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: This paper reports on the prevalence, factors and patterns of cigarette smoking among rural California American Indian (AI) adults. Methods: Thirteen Indian health clinic registries formed the random household survey sampling frame (N = 457). Measures included socio-demographics, age at smoking initiation, intention to quit, smoking usage, smoking during pregnancy, health effects of smoking, suicide attempts or ideation, history of physical abuse, neglect and the role of the environment (smoking at home and at work). Statistical tests included Chi Square and Fisher\u2019s Exact test, as well as multiple logistic regression analysis among never, former, and current smokers. Results: Findings confirm high smoking prevalence among male and female participants (44% and 37% respectively). American Indians begin smoking in early adolescence (age 14.7). Also, 65% of current smokers are less than 50% Indian blood and 76% of current smokers have no intention to quit smoking. Current and former smokers are statistically more likely to report having suicidal ideation than those who never smoked. Current smokers also report being neglected and physically abused in childhood and adolescence, are statistically more likely to smoke \u00bd pack or less (39% vs. 10% who smoke 1+ pack), smoke during pregnancy, and have others who smoke in the house compared with former and never smokers. Conclusion: Understanding the factors associated with smoking will help to bring about policy changes and more effective programs to address the problem of high smoking rates among American Indians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8040944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,4]],"date-time":"2011-04-04T10:07:21Z","timestamp":1301911641000},"page":"944-954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Factors Associated with American Indian Cigarette Smoking in Rural Settings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Felicia","family":"Hodge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, P.O. Box 951702, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, P.O. Box 951772, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karabi","family":"Nandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, P.O. Box 951702, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, P.O. Box 951772, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2008). National Health Interview Survey Raw Data, Analysis performed by the American Lung Association Research and Program Services Division using SPSS software."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Isaacs, SL (2004, January 21). Smoking cessation in US ethnic minority populations. San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19961001)78:7+<1623::AID-CNCR19>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Urban rural contrasts, patient and smoking patterns in Northern California American Indian clinics","volume":"78","author":"Hodge","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.americanheart.org\/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4559 (accessed on 10 October 2010)."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Any Tobacco Use in 13 States\u2014Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2008. Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/data_statistics\/mmwrs\/byyear\/2010\/mm5930a3\/intro.htm (accessed on 10 October 2010)."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010). Vital Signs: Current Cigarette Smoking among Adults Aged \u226518 Years\u2014United States, 2009. 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Health Res"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nccdphp\/publications\/factsheets\/Prevention\/pdf\/smoking.pdf (accessed on 10 October 2010)."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntp053","article-title":"The association of depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms and postpartum relapse to smoking: A longitudinal study","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/8\/4\/944\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:55:42Z","timestamp":1760219742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/8\/4\/944"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,30]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph8040944"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph8040944","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,30]]}}}