{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:46:16Z","timestamp":1787028376719,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,15]],"date-time":"2011-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1302825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The numbers of reported cases of coccidioidomycosis in Arizona and California have risen dramatically over the past decade, with a 97.8% and 91.1% increase in incidence rates from 2001 to 2006 in the two states, respectively. Of those cases with reported race\/ethnicity information, Black\/African Americans in Arizona and Hispanics and African\/Americans in California experienced a disproportionately higher frequency of disease compared to other racial\/ethnic groups. Lack of early diagnosis continues to be a problem, particularly in suspect community-acquired pneumonia, underscoring the need for more rapid and sensitive tests. Similarly, the inability of currently available therapeutics to reduce the duration and morbidity of this disease underscores the need for improved therapeutics and a preventive vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8041150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,15]],"date-time":"2011-04-15T14:26:03Z","timestamp":1302877563000},"page":"1150-1173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["The Public Health Impact of Coccidioidomycosis in Arizona and California"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Richard F.","family":"Hector","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF),1200 Beale St., #1200, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George W.","family":"Rutherford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF),1200 Beale St., #1200, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarisse A.","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Health Services, 150 N 18th Ave., Ste. 140, Phoenix, AZ 85007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura M.","family":"Erhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Health Services, 150 N 18th Ave., Ste. 140, Phoenix, AZ 85007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orion","family":"McCotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Health Services, 150 N 18th Ave., Ste. 140, Phoenix, AZ 85007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoana M.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Health Services, 150 N 18th Ave., Ste. 140, Phoenix, AZ 85007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Komatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Health Services, 150 N 18th Ave., Ste. 140, Phoenix, AZ 85007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzaneh","family":"Tabnak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control (DCDC), Center for Infectious Diseases (CID), California Department of Public Health, P.O. Box 997377, Sacramento, CA 95899, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duc J.","family":"Vugia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control (DCDC), Center for Infectious Diseases (CID), California Department of Public Health, P.O. Box 997377, Sacramento, CA 95899, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control (DCDC), Center for Infectious Diseases (CID), California Department of Public Health, P.O. Box 997377, Sacramento, CA 95899, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John N.","family":"Galgiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valley Fever Center for Excellence, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, 1656 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher, F, Bultman, MW, and Pappagianis, D (2000). Operational Guidelines for Geological Fieldwork in Areas Endemic for Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever), U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report; U.S. Department of the Interior.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr00348"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199504203321607","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis","volume":"332","author":"Stevens","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(02)00040-5","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis","volume":"17","author":"Chiller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. 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