{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:14:12Z","timestamp":1791310452072,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,21]],"date-time":"2011-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1308614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) has been linked to several agricultural exposures, including some commonly used pesticides. Although there is a significant body of literature examining the effects of exposure to individual pesticides on NHL, the impact of exposure to multiple pesticides or specific pesticide combinations has not been explored in depth. Data from a six-province Canadian case-control study conducted between 1991 and 1994 were analyzed to investigate the relationship between NHL, the total number of pesticides used and some common pesticide combinations. Cases (n = 513) were identified through hospital records and provincial cancer registries and controls (n = 1,506), frequency matched to cases by age and province of residence, were obtained through provincial health records, telephone listings, or voter lists. In multiple logistic regression analyses, risk of NHL increased with the number of pesticides used. Similar results were obtained in analyses restricted to herbicides, insecticides and several pesticide classes. Odds ratios increased further when only \u2018potentially carcinogenic\u2019 pesticides were considered (OR[one pesticide] = 1.30, 95% CI = 0.90\u20131.88; OR[two to four] = 1.54, CI = 1.11\u20132.12; OR[five or more] = 1.94, CI = 1.17\u20133.23). Elevated risks were also found among those reporting use of malathion in combination with several other pesticides. These analyses support and extend previous findings that the risk of NHL increases with the number of pesticides used and some pesticide combinations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8062320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,21]],"date-time":"2011-06-21T11:26:00Z","timestamp":1308655560000},"page":"2320-2330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Exposure to Multiple Pesticides and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Men from Six Canadian Provinces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Karin","family":"Hohenadel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Cancer Research Centre, 505 University Avenue, 14th floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley A.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Cancer Research Centre, 505 University Avenue, 14th floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X3, Canada"},{"name":"Cancer Care Ontario, 505 University Avenue, 14th floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X3, Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th floor, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th floor, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada"},{"name":"Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 60 Murray Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Spinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada"},{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Punam","family":"Pahwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Health Science Building, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Dosman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, Royal University Hospital, University of Saskatchewan, Room 3608, Wing 3E, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Demers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Cancer Research Centre, 505 University Avenue, 14th floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X3, Canada"},{"name":"Cancer Care Ontario, 505 University Avenue, 14th floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X3, Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th floor, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Cancer Research Centre, 505 University Avenue, 14th floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/10599240902779436","article-title":"Epidemiologic studies of cancer in agricultural populations: observations and future directions","volume":"14","author":"Blair","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agromed"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1159\/000094675","article-title":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and pesticide exposure: 25 years of research","volume":"116","author":"Dreiher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22719","article-title":"The non-Hodgkin lymphomas: A review of the epidemiologic literature","volume":"120","author":"Alexander","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.9.e11","article-title":"Integrative assessment of multiple pesticides as risk factors for non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma among men","volume":"60","author":"DeRoos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1155","article-title":"Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma and specific pesticide exposures in men: Cross-Canada study of pesticides and health","volume":"10","author":"McDuffie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000167260.80687.78","article-title":"Insect repellents, phenoxyherbicide exposure and non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"47","author":"McDuffie","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer Available online: http:\/\/monographs.iarc.fr\/ (accessed on 10 February 2011)."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency Available online: http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/IRIS\/ (accessed on 10 February 2011)."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides Program Available online: http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pesticides\/health\/cancerfs.htm (accessed on 10 February 2011)."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer Available online: http:\/\/monographs.iarc.fr\/ENG\/Monographs\/suppl7\/index.php (accessed on 10 February 2011)."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency Available online: http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/oppsrrd1\/REDs\/malathion_red.pdf (accessed on 25 May 2011)."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm182","article-title":"Malathion exposure and the incidence of cancer in the agricultural health study","volume":"166","author":"Bonner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199301000-00011","article-title":"Patterns of pesticide use among farmers: Implications for epidemiologic research","volume":"4","author":"Blair","year":"1993","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200201000-00015","article-title":"Reliability of reporting on lifestyle and agricultural factors by a sample of participants in the agricultural health study from Iowa","volume":"13","author":"Blair","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epidemiology"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/8\/6\/2320\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:56:29Z","timestamp":1760219789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/8\/6\/2320"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,21]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph8062320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph8062320","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,21]]}}}