{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T02:30:25Z","timestamp":1767839425405,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,22]],"date-time":"2011-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1311292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents global scenarios of sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) emissions from road transport through to 2050, taking into account the potential impacts of: (1) the timing of air pollutant emission regulation implementation in developing countries; (2) global CO2 mitigation policy implementation; and (3) vehicle cost assumptions, on study results. This is done by using a global energy system model treating the transport sector in detail. The major conclusions are the following. First, as long as non-developed countries adopt the same vehicle emission standards as in developed countries within a 30-year lag, global emissions of SO2, NOx, and PM from road vehicles decrease substantially over time. Second, light-duty vehicles and heavy-duty trucks make a large and increasing contribution to future global emissions of SO2, NOx, and PM from road vehicles. Third, the timing of air pollutant emission regulation implementation in developing countries has a large impact on future global emissions of SO2, NOx, and PM from road vehicles, whereas there is a possibility that global CO2 mitigation policy implementation has a comparatively small impact on them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8073032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,22]],"date-time":"2011-07-22T12:22:09Z","timestamp":1311337329000},"page":"3032-3062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Global Scenarios of Air Pollutant Emissions from Road Transport through to 2050"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Takeshita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Transdisciplinary Initiative for Global Sustainability, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fulton, L, and Eads, G Available online: http:\/\/www.wbcsd.org\/plugins\/DocSearch\/details.asp?type=DocDet&ObjectId=11467."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Van Aardenne, J, Dentener, F, Olivier, JGJ, and Peters, JAHW Available online: http:\/\/themasites.pbl.nl\/en\/themasites\/edgar\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3141\/2011-14","article-title":"Global and country inventory of road passenger and freight transportation: Fuel consumption and emissions of air pollutants in the year 2000","volume":"2011","author":"Borken","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transp. 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