{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T22:16:51Z","timestamp":1781907411512,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,17]],"date-time":"2011-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1321488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To describe, as of July 2011, the status of tobacco control legislation in Africa in three key areas of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)\u2014(1) Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke, (2) Packaging and labelling of tobacco products, and (3) Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship. Methods: Review and analysis of tobacco control legislation in Africa, media reports, journal articles, tobacco industry documents and data published in the 2011 WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. Results: Modest progress in FCTC implementation in Africa with many countries having legislation or policies on the protection from exposure to tobacco smoke, however, only a handful of countries meet the standards of the FCTC Article 8 and its Guidelines particularly with regards to designated smoking areas. Little progress on packaging and labelling of tobacco products, with few countries having legislation meeting the minimum standards of the FCTC Article 11 and its Guidelines. Mauritius is the only African country with graphic or pictorial health warnings in place and has the largest warning labels in Africa. Slightly better progress in banning tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship has been shown by African countries, although the majority of legislation falls short of the standards of the FCTC Article 13 and its Guidelines. Despite their efforts, African countries\u2019 FCTC implementation at national level has not matched the strong regional commitment demonstrated during the FCTC treaty negotiations. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for Africa to step up efforts to adopt and implement effective tobacco control legislation that is fully compliant with the FCTC. In order to achieve this, countries should prioritise resources for capacity building for drafting strong FCTC compliant legislation, research to inform policy and boost political will, and countering the tobacco industry which is a major obstacle to FCTC implementation in Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8114312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,17]],"date-time":"2011-11-17T13:59:04Z","timestamp":1321538344000},"page":"4312-4331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in Africa: Current Status of Legislation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Tumwine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Environmental Rights Organisation (HERO-Uganda), PO BOX 16649, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e442:1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030442","article-title":"Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030","volume":"3","author":"Mathers","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.3.3.242","article-title":"A descriptive model of the cigarette epidemic in developed countries","volume":"3","author":"Lopez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Bates number 502619006-502619029; Available online: http:\/\/legacy.library.ucsf.edu\/tid\/wam34a99\/pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2003). WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/fctc\/signatories_parties\/en\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Shafey, O., Dolwick, S., and Guidon, G.E. (2003). Tobacco Control Country Profiles, American Cancer Society. [second Ed]."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"As of 5 July 2011. The Parties to the FCTC have adopted 7 guidelines including: Guidelines for implementation of Article 8 of the WHO FCTC (Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke); Guidelines for implementation of Article 11 of the WHO FCTC (Packaging and labelling of tobacco products); and Guidelines for implementation of Article 13 of the WHO FCTC (Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship). The remaining guidelines cover provisions of Articles 5.3, 9 and 10, 12 and 14. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/fctc\/protocol\/guidelines\/adopted\/en\/ (accessed on 5 July 2011)."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2010). WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2011: Warning about the Dangers of Tobacco, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Burkina Faso, Chad, Namibia and Seychelles."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Guinea, Mauritius and Zambia. These three countries were in the top category in the 2009 WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic but were dropped in a lower category in 2011 due to corrections in data."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Benin, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Niger, Nigeria, South Africa and Zimbabwe."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Congo, Cote d\u2019 Ivoire, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Togo and United Republic of Tanzania."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Para. 6. Guidelines for implementation of Article 8 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke), 2007."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Para. 24. Guidelines for implementation of Article 8 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke), 2007."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Para. 6. Guidelines for implementation of Article 8 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke), 2007; Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyLegislative Council Panel on Health Services findings of Technical Feasibility Study on smoking rooms2009Available online: http:\/\/www.legco.gov.hk\/yr08-09\/english\/panels\/hs\/papers\/hs0420cb2-1324-5-e.pdfaccessed on 5 July 2011American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc\u201cASHRAE\u2019s Environmental Tobacco Smoke Position Document Committee, \u201cASHRAE Position Document on Environmental Tobacco Smoke,\u201d2008Available online: http:\/\/www.ashrae.org\/File%20Library\/docLib\/Public\/20090120_pos_ets.pdfaccessed on 5 July 2011"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"S. 22. Tobacco Products Control Act, 2010, Act No. 1; Namibia, 2010."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Article 4. Loi No. 10\/PR\/2010 Portant Lutte Antitabac; Chad, 2010."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Article 5. Loi No, 10\/PR\/2010 Portant Lutte Antitabac; Chad, 2010."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"S. 4. Tobacco Control Act 14 of 2009; Seychelles, 2009."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Reg. 3, Reg. 2, First Schedule. Public Health (Restrictions on Tobacco Products) Regulations 2008; Mauritius, 2008."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"S. 2, S. 3. Notice Relating to Smoking of Tobacco Products in Public Places No. R. 975; South Africa, 2000."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"S. 1, S. 2. Tobacco Products Control Act 83 of 1993 as amended by Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act 63 of 2008; South Africa, 2008."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60032-3","article-title":"Africa\u2019s struggle to be smoke free","volume":"375","author":"Baleta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Asare, B.E. Tobacco regulation in South Africa: Interest groups and public policy. Afr. J. Pol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"65","article-title":"The politics of smoke-free policies in developing countries: Lessons from Africa","volume":"5","author":"Drope","year":"2010","journal-title":"CVD Prev. Contr."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1:1","article-title":"Status of implementation of Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in Ghana: A qualitative study","volume":"10","author":"McNeill","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Service Note No.127 MSAS\/SEPS. Senegal, 1998."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Nathan, R. (2004). Model Legislation for Tobacco Control: A Policy Development and Legislative Drafting Manual, International Union for Health Promotion and Education."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"The Environmental Action Network, Ltd. (TEAN) v. AG and NEMA, Misc. application No. 39; 2001."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Uganda\u2019s smoke-free law is not a law enacted by parliament but it is a law made by the Environment Minister who is given the power under the National Environment Act (which is a law enacted by parliament) to make regulations to give full effect of the National Environment Act. Uganda\u2019s smoke-free law is therefore called the National Environment (Control of Smoking in Public Places) Regulations SI no. 12 of 2004 and usually referred to as Uganda\u2019s smokefree regulations. Note: Uganda was not categorised in the 2011 WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. However, if Uganda\u2019s smokefree law had been considered, legislative analysis of the law by the authour of this paper revealed that it should have been placed in category 3."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Tumwine, J. Available online: http:\/\/www.globalsmokefreepartnership.org\/index.php?section=article&id=5&parent=1&artigo=44."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"The Environmental Action Network Ltd v Joseph Eryau (Civil Application No.98\/05), UGCA 15; 2008."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/5034108.stm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, P., Collin, J., and Gilmore, A.B. (2007). \u201cThe law was actually drafted by us but the government is to be congratulated on its wise actions\u201d: British American tobacco and public policy in Kenya. Tob. Control, 16.","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2006.016071"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"4","article-title":"Kenya beach party \u2018helps\u2019 tobacco bill","volume":"14","author":"Simpson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. 2, S. 33, S. 35. Tobacco Control Act 2007; Kenya, 2007.","DOI":"10.2149\/tmh.35.33"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Bates number: 900004840-900004844; Available online: http:\/\/legacy.library.ucsf.edu\/tid\/tbq72a99\/pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Article 4 (1) of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"These seven appropriate characteristics are the seven criteria recommended by the FCTC, its Guidelines and scientific evidence for effective warnings."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Cameroon, Eritrea and Madagascar."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Benin, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Kenya, Niger, Seychelles and South Africa."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Comoros, Congo, Cote d\u2019Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Togo, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. There was no data provided for two countries\u2014Burundi and Lesotho."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"S.12, S. 27 (c). Tobacco Control Act 14 of 2009; Seychelles, 2009."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Article 4(a). Third Schedule, Fourth Schedule. Public Health (Restrictions on Tobacco Products) Regulations 2008; Mauritius, 2008; Article 5: Public Health (Restrictions on Tobacco Products) (Amendment) Regulations 2009; Mauritius, 2009."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.itcproject.org\/blogs\/mediacover\/itcmauritiuswave2nationalreportlaunchedmay302011."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Para. 7. Guidelines for implementation of Article 11 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (Packaging and labelling of tobacco products), 2008."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Article 9. Public Health (Restrictions on Tobacco Products) Regulations 2008. Mauritius, 2008."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Le Clezio, V. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Niger, Madagascar, Kenya, Eritrea and Chad According to WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2011 Technical Note 1, which gives definitions of categories in the report, Direct advertising bans means bans that cover: national TV and radio, local magazines and newspapers, billboard and outdoor advertising, point of sale. Indirect advertising bans means bans that cover: free distribution of tobacco products in the mail or through other means; promotional discounts, non-tobacco products, identified with tobacco brand names (brand extension); brand names of non-tobacco products used for tobacco products; appearance of tobacco products in television and\/or films; and sponsored events."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Comoros, Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Lesotho, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland and United Republic of Tanzania."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Cape Verde, Democratic Republic of Congo and Ghana."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Angola, Burundi, Central African Republic, Cote d\u2019Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritania, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Article 13. Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and Guidelines for implementation of Article 13 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship), 2008."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Article 5. A Proclamation (No. 143 of 2004) to Provide for Tobacco Control; Eritrea, 2004."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Article 8. Arr\u00eat\u00e9 Interminist\u00e9riel No. 18171\/2003 Fixant la R\u00e9glementation en Mati\u00e8re D\u2019industrialisation, D\u2019importation, de Commercialisation et de Consommation des Produits du Tabac \u00e0 Madagascar; Madagascar, 2003."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Article 2. Articles 14\u201317 Loi No 10\/PR\/2010 Portant Lutte Antitabac; Chad, 2010."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Article 2, 7, 8 La Loi No. 26 du Mai; Niger, 2006."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Para. 67. Guidelines for Implementation of Article 13 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship), 2008."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"S. 25. La Loi No. 26 du Mai; Niger, 2006."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. 2, S. 25, S. 27, 28, 29, 31. Tobacco Control Act; Kenya, 2007.","DOI":"10.1109\/MCS.2007.365001"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"S. 26. Tobacco Control Act; Kenya, 2007."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"S. 14\u201317. Tobacco Control Act 14; Seychelles, 2009."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Control of Smoking Act 32 of 1992; Botswana, 1992."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"According to s.13 of Botswana\u2019s Control of Smoking Act 32 of 1992 \u201c...no person shall publish, or arrange for any other person to publish any tobacco advertisement in Botswana.\u201d The law defines \"tobacco advertisement\" to mean \u201cany words written, printed or spoken, or film, video recording or other medium broadcast or telecast, or pictorial representation, design or device used to encourage the use of or notify the availability of, or promote the sale of any tobacco or tobacco product, or to promote smoking behaviour\u201d. The FCTC guidelines recommend that Parties adopt and implement a comprehensive ban on all forms of tobacco advertising and sponsorship including cross-border advertising promotion and sponsorship and where \u201ctobacco advertising and promotion\u201d is defined per the FCTC to mean \u201c any form of commercial communication, recommendation or action with the aim, effect or likely effect of promoting a tobacco product or tobacco use either directly or indirectly\u201d and where \u201ctobacco sponsorship\u201d is defined per the FCTC to mean \u201cany form of contribution to any event, activity or individual with the aim, effect or likely effect of promoting a tobacco product or tobacco use either directly or indirectly\u201d."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Masisi, M.E.K. Available online: http:\/\/www.gov.bw\/Global\/OP%20Ministry\/Remarks%20by%20Hon.%20Minister%20Masisi%20at%20tonights%20Anti-Tobacco%20Network%20Launch.pdf."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"S. 5. The Regulations Relating to Provisions for Exemption for Unintended Consequences and the Phasing Out of Existing Contractual Relationships (Notice No. R. 977); South Africa, 2000."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"S. 3. Tobacco Products Control Act 83 of 1993 as amended by Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act 63 of 2008; South Africa, 2008."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"S. 3, S. 5. Tobacco Products Control Act 83 of 1993 as amended by Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act 63 of 2008; South Africa, 2008."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"S. 4. A Tobacco Products Control Act 83 of 1993 as amended by Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act 63 of 2008; South Africa, 2008."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"S. 1, S. 3. Tobacco Products Control Act 83 of 1993 as amended by Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act 63 of 2008; South Africa, 2008."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"de Lang, I. Available online: http:\/\/www.citizen.co.za\/citizen\/content\/en\/citizen\/local-news?oid=196552&sn=Detail&pid=146862&Tobacco-ads-ban-upheld."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"175","article-title":"Mauritius: Women in politics\u2014The BAT link","volume":"19","author":"Simpson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Article 5. Public Health (Restrictions on Tobacco Products) Regulations 2008; Mauritius, 2008."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"However, the S.17 of the Consumer Protection (Price and Supplies Control) Act 1998) requires the display of one specimen of every product that is on offer for sale. This is reflected in practice and undermines the tobacco display ban and falls short of the FCTC standards."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/legacy.library.ucsf.edu\/tid\/tbq72a99\/pdf."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/7475259.stm."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Table based on data collected from the WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2011 and the author\u2019s legislative analysis of tobacco control laws."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/8\/11\/4312\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:58:03Z","timestamp":1760219883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/8\/11\/4312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,17]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph8114312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph8114312","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,17]]}}}