{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:34:45Z","timestamp":1760243685497,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,10]],"date-time":"2012-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1344556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies have found both genetic and environmental influences on chronic periodontitis. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among previously identified genetic variants, smoking status, and two periodontal disease-related phenotypes (PSR1 and PSR2) in 625 Caucasian adults (aged 18\u201349 years). The PSR Index was used to classify participants as affected or unaffected under the PSR1 and PSR2 phenotype definitions. Using logistic regression, we found that the form of the relationship varied by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP): For rs10457525 and rs12630931, the effects of smoking and genotype on risk were additive; whereas for rs10457526 and rs733048, smoking was not independently associated with affected status once genotype was taken into consideration. In contrast, smoking moderated the relationships of rs3870371 and rs733048 with affected status such that former and never smokers with select genotypes were at increased genetic risk. Thus, for several groups, knowledge of genotype may refine the risk prediction over that which can be determined by knowledge of smoking status alone. Future studies should replicate these findings. These findings provide the foundation for the exploration of novel pathways by which periodontitis may occur.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9082839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,10]],"date-time":"2012-08-10T11:46:26Z","timestamp":1344599186000},"page":"2839-2850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effects of Smoking and Genotype on the PSR Index of Periodontal Disease in Adults Aged 18\u201349"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Deborah E.","family":"Polk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Public Health and Information Management, University of Pittsburgh, School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"},{"name":"Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA"},{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Feingold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Shaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Weeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Weyant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Public Health and Information Management, University of Pittsburgh, School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Crout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel W.","family":"McNeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychology and Dental Practice and Rural Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary L.","family":"Marazita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA"},{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"},{"name":"Clinical and Translational Science Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1999.70.1.13","article-title":"Destructive periodontal disease in adults 30 years of age and older in the United States, 1988\u20131994","volume":"70","author":"Albandar","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2010.00340.x","article-title":"Genetic and environmental risk factors for chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis","volume":"53","author":"Stabholz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2006.00163.x","article-title":"The influence of smoking on host responses in periodontal infections","volume":"43","author":"Ryder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2003.00061.x","article-title":"A hidden periodontitis epidemic during the 20th century?","volume":"31","author":"Hujoel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2003.00157.x","article-title":"Epidemiologic risk factors for periodontal attachment loss among adults in the United States","volume":"30","author":"Hyman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.3.279","article-title":"Models for the joint effect of genotype and environment on liability to psychiatric illness","volume":"143","author":"Kendler","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2002.73.1.27","article-title":"Smoking and polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 gene cluster (IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-1RN) in patients with periodontal diseas","volume":"73","author":"Meisel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2004.75.2.236","article-title":"Dose-effect relation of smoking and the interleukin-1 gene polymorphism in periodontal disease","volume":"75","author":"Meisel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Wang, X.J., Polk, D.E., Feingold, E., Shaffer, J.R., Weyant, R.J., Crout, R.J., McNeil, D.W., and Marazita, M.L. GWAS of PSR Index of periodontal disease in adults ages 18-49. J. Dent. Res., under review."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2002.tb00595.x","article-title":"Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR) Index: Precursors, utility, and limitations in a clinical setting","volume":"52","author":"Landry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27513","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M411544200","article-title":"Natural antisense mRNAs to hyaluronan synthase 2 inhibit hyaluronan biosynthesis and cell proliferation","volume":"280","author":"Chao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41046","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109443200","article-title":"Angiogenic oligosaccharides of hyaluronan induce multiple signaling pathways affecting vascular endothelial cell mitogenic and wound healing responses","volume":"277","author":"Slevin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polk, D.E., Weyant, R.J., Crout, R.J., McNeil, D.W., Tarter, R.E., Thomas, J.G., and Marazita, M.L. (2008). Study protocol of the Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA) etiology study. BMC Oral Health, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-8-18"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"585","article-title":"Background to, and implementation of, the Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR) procedure in the USA","volume":"44","author":"Nasi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/00952999009001570","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of adolescent substance abuse: A decision tree method","volume":"16","author":"Tarter","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/9\/8\/2839\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:51:43Z","timestamp":1760219503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/9\/8\/2839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,10]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph9082839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph9082839","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,10]]}}}