{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T05:30:25Z","timestamp":1790487025953,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,10]],"date-time":"2009-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1236643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a hereditary motor neuron disease caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the androgen receptor (AR). The histopathological finding in SBMA is loss of lower motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord as well as in the brainstem motor nuclei. Animal studies have revealed that the pathogenesis of SBMA depends on the level of serum testosterone, and that androgen deprivation mitigates neurodegeneration through inhibition of nuclear accumulation of the pathogenic AR. Heat shock proteins, ubiquitin-proteasome system and transcriptional regulation are also potential targets of therapy development for SBMA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10031000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,10]],"date-time":"2009-03-10T15:26:00Z","timestamp":1236698760000},"page":"1000-1012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Neuropathology and Therapeutic Intervention in Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Haruhiko","family":"Banno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine \/ 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahisa","family":"Katsuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine \/ 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University \/ Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine \/ 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumiaki","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine \/ 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gen","family":"Sobue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine \/ 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.18.7.671","article-title":"Progressive proximal spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy of late onset. 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