{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:58:38Z","timestamp":1791302318048,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,12]],"date-time":"2009-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1236816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by microfungi that are capable of causing disease and death in humans and other animals. This work was aimed at investigation of influence of mouldy wheat contaminated by pathogenic fungi producing mycotoxins on metallothionein levels in hepatic tissue of rats. The rats were administrating feed mixtures with different contents of vitamins or naturally mouldy wheat for 28 days. It was found that the wheat contained deoxynivalenol (80 \u00b1 5 \u00b5g per kg of mouldy wheat), zearalenone (56 \u00b1 3 \u00b5g\/kg), T2-toxin (20 \u00b1 2 \u00b5g\/kg) and aflatoxins as a sum of B1, B2, G1 and G2 (3.9 \u00b1 0.2 \u00b5g\/kg). Rats were fed diets containing 0, 33, 66 and 100% naturally moulded wheat. Control group 0, 33, 66 and 100% contained vitamins according to Nutrient Requirements of Rats (NRC). Other four groups (control group with vitamins, vit33, vit66 and vit100%) were fed on the same levels of mouldy wheat, also vitamins at levels 100% higher than the previous mixtures. We determined weight, feed conversion and performed dissection to observe pathological processes. Changes between control group and experimental groups exposed to influence of mouldy wheat and experimental groups supplemented by higher concentration of vitamins and mouldy wheat were not observed. Livers were sampled and did not demonstrate significant changes in morphology compared to control either. In the following experiments the levels of metallothionein as a marker of oxidative stress was determined. We observed a quite surprising trend in metallothionein levels in animals supplemented with increased concentration of vitamins. Its level enhanced with increasing content of mouldy wheat. It was possible to determine a statistically significant decline (p<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10031138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,13]],"date-time":"2009-03-13T13:03:00Z","timestamp":1236949380000},"page":"1138-1160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Changes in Metallothionein Level in Rat Hepatic Tissue after Administration of Natural Mouldy Wheat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Vasatkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarka","family":"Krizova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vojtech","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ladislav","family":"Zeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rene","family":"Kizek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.005","article-title":"Worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in commodities, feeds and feed ingredients","volume":"137","author":"Binder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-98-6-0719","article-title":"Fusarium populations on chinese barley show a dramatic gradient in mycotoxin profiles","volume":"98","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2174\/138920008783331176","article-title":"Metabolic pathways of T-2 toxin","volume":"9","author":"Dohnal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.04.023","article-title":"Effect of ochratoxin A on redox-regulated transcription factors, antioxidant enzymes and glutathione-S-transferase in cultured kidney tubulus cells","volume":"46","author":"Loboda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9727","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0718906","article-title":"Fumonisin B-2 production by Aspergillus niger","volume":"55","author":"Frisvad","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"91","article-title":"Effects of feeding blends of grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on performance, hematology and blood chemistry of turkeys","volume":"85","author":"Girish","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.003","article-title":"Mycotoxigenic Fusarium species in animal feed","volume":"137","author":"Glenn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of antioxidants in amelioration of mycotoxin toxicity: A review","volume":"8","author":"Gowda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2533\/chimia.2008.364","article-title":"Environmental exposure to estrogenic and other myco- and phytotoxins","volume":"62","author":"Hartmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chimia"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/11.11.1915","article-title":"Invitro prostaglandin-H synthase-mediated and monooxygenase-mediated binding of aflatoxin-B1 to DNA in guinea-pig tissue microsomes","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.002","article-title":"An historical overview of field disease outbreaks known or suspected to be caused by consumption of feeds contaminated with Fusarium toxins","volume":"137","author":"Morgavi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"107","article-title":"The mycotoxic risk: danger and health impact in animal production","volume":"21","author":"Galtier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prod. Anim"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"91","article-title":"Effects of feeding blends of grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on performance, hematology and blood chemistry of turkeys","volume":"86","author":"Girish","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"337","article-title":"Evidence for mycotoxin contamination of maize in Southern Ethiopia: The need for further multidisciplinary research","volume":"36","author":"Alemu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereal Res. Commun"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"365","article-title":"Mycotoxins in the food chain: Appearance of the toxins in sheep milk and milk products","volume":"36","author":"Jolankai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereal Res. Commun"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/17450390802066435","article-title":"On the effects of the concentrate proportion of dairy cow rations in the presence and absence of a Fusarium toxin-contaminated triticale on cow performance","volume":"62","author":"Keese","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2006.00672.x","article-title":"Effects of Fusarium toxins on growth, humoral immune response and internal organs in weaner pigs, and the efficacy of apple pomace as an antidote","volume":"91","author":"Gutzwiller","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"267","article-title":"Effects of feedborne Fusarium mycotoxins with and without a polymeric glucomannan mycotoxin adsorbent on body weight, feed intake, serum chemistry, and nutrient digestibility of mature beagles","volume":"86","author":"Leung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1021\/jf073419i","article-title":"Reduction of ochratoxin A levels in red wine by bentonite, modified bentonites, and chitosan","volume":"56","author":"Kurtbay","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3109\/00498258909034673","article-title":"The role of gut microorganisms in the metabolism of deoxynivalenol administered to rats","volume":"19","author":"Worrell","year":"1989","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9040554","article-title":"Identification of select fumonisin forming Fusarium species using PCR applications of the polyketide synthase gene and its relationship to fumonisin production in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Baird","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9081489","article-title":"Aflatoxin B-1 degradation by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and other microbes selected using coumarin medium","volume":"9","author":"Guan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9050719","article-title":"Binding of ochratoxin a to a urinary globulin: A new concept to account for gender difference in rat nephrocarcinogenic responses","volume":"9","author":"Mantle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9030394","article-title":"Interaction of wild strains of Aspergilla with Aspergillus parasiticus ATCC15517 on aflatoxins production","volume":"9","author":"Martins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2007.12.011","article-title":"Mycotoxin research and mycoflora in some commercially important agricultural commodities","volume":"27","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crop Prot"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"2239","article-title":"Co-occurring mycotoxins in animal feeds","volume":"7","author":"Mngadi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.023","article-title":"PCR-based diagnosis and quantification of mycotoxin producing fungi","volume":"119","author":"Niessen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"248","article-title":"Serum electrolyte changes in Penicillic acid toxicosis","volume":"85","author":"Sarmadha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian Vet. J"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.01.008","article-title":"Mycotoxin problem in Africa: Current status, implications to food safety and health and possible management strategies","volume":"124","author":"Wagacha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9112062","article-title":"Fumonisins, trichothecenes and zearalenone in cereals","volume":"9","author":"Yazar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9122570","article-title":"Zearalenone and reproductive function in farm animals","volume":"9","author":"Minervini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9081515","article-title":"The use of isolated human lymphocytes in mycotoxin cytotoxicity testing","volume":"9","author":"Maenetje","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9112306","article-title":"Upscaled CTAB-based DNA extraction and real-time PCR assays for Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum DNA in plant material with reduced sampling error","volume":"9","author":"Brandfass","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10010147","article-title":"Trichothecenes in cereal grains","volume":"10","author":"Foroud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9112146","article-title":"T-2 toxin-induced toxicity in pregnant mice and rats","volume":"9","author":"Doi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9112169","article-title":"Survey of slaughtered pigs for occurrence of ochratoxin A and porcine nephropathy in Serbia","volume":"9","author":"Milicevic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9122543","article-title":"Species-specific fungal DNA in airborne dust as surrogate for occupational mycotoxin exposure?","volume":"9","author":"Halstensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10010062","article-title":"An overview of conventional and emerging analytical methods for the determination of mycotoxins","volume":"10","author":"Cigic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9112114","article-title":"Occurrence of deoxynivalenol in maize and wheat in Serbia","volume":"9","author":"Jajic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9122614","article-title":"Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in dairy products in southern Italy","volume":"9","author":"Montagna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9122505","article-title":"A nutritional approach for the management of deoxynivalenol (DON) toxicity in the gastrointestinal tract of growing chickens","volume":"9","author":"Awad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9122474","article-title":"Mycotoxin detection plays \u201ccops and robbers\u201d: Cyclodextrin chemosensors as specialized police?","volume":"9","author":"Cozzini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9122366","article-title":"Isolation and identification of a strain of Aspergillus tubingensis with deoxynivalenol biotransformation capability","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10020395","article-title":"Investigation on the protective effect of alfa-mannan against the DNA damage induced by aflatoxin B1 in mouse hepatocytes","volume":"10","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9112205","article-title":"Intestinal structure and function of broiler chickens on diets supplemented with a synbiotic containing enterococcus faecium and oligosaccharides","volume":"9","author":"Awad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9091676","article-title":"Inhibition of citrinin production in Penicillium citrinum cultures by neem [Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae)]","volume":"9","author":"Mossini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10010001","article-title":"Impact of deoxynivalenol on the intestinal microflora of pigs","volume":"10","author":"Wache","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9122357","article-title":"Growth and mycotoxin production by chaetomium globosum is favored in a neutral pH","volume":"9","author":"Fogle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9112127","article-title":"Effects of milling and cooking processes on the deoxynivalenol content in wheat","volume":"9","author":"Kushiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10010037","article-title":"Developmental toxicity of ochratoxin A in rat embryo midbrain micromass cultures","volume":"10","author":"Minta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9122495","article-title":"Development of a generic PCR detection of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol-, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol- and nivalenol-chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum clade","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10010174","article-title":"Determination of aflatoxins in peanut products in the northeast region of Sao Paulo, Brazil","volume":"10","author":"Oliveira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9040578","article-title":"Complex etiology, prophylaxis and hygiene control in mycotoxic nephropathies in farm animals and humans","volume":"9","author":"Stoev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9102027","article-title":"Aspergillus parasiticus crzA, which encodes calcineurin response zinc-finger protein, is required for aflatoxin production under calcium stress","volume":"9","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9091717","article-title":"Are the genes nadA and norB involved in formation of aflatoxin G1?","volume":"9","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9101915","article-title":"Antibody-mediated prevention of Fusarium mycotoxins in the field","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9122585","article-title":"Analysis of mechanisms of T-2 toxin toxicity using yeast DNA microarrays","volume":"9","author":"Iwahashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl169","article-title":"Reduction in antioxidant defenses may contribute to ochratoxin a toxicity and carcinogenicity","volume":"96","author":"Cavin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl156","article-title":"Induction of oxidative stress response by the mycotoxin patulin in mammalian cells","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.31.1115","article-title":"Satratoxin H generates reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides in PC12 cells","volume":"31","author":"Nusuetrong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2005.03.001","article-title":"Chemoprevention of aflatoxicosis in poultry by dietary butylated hydroxytoluene","volume":"121","author":"Coulombe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6906","DOI":"10.1021\/jf034505v","article-title":"Prevention of patulin toxicity on rumen microbial fermentation by SH-containing reducing agents","volume":"51","author":"Morgavi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/10409230091169168","article-title":"Induction, regulation, degradation, and biological significance of mammalian metallothioneins","volume":"35","author":"Miles","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eckschlager, T, Adam, V, Hrabeta, J, Figova, K, and Kizek, R (2008). Metallothioneins and cancer. Curr Protein Pept Sci, in press.","DOI":"10.2174\/138920309788922243"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1085","article-title":"Metallothionein expression in animals: A physiological perspective on function","volume":"130","author":"Davis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.196.9","article-title":"Recent studies on metallothionein: Protection against toxicity of heavy metals and oxygen free radicals","volume":"196","author":"Sato","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.1995.tb00447.x","article-title":"Effects of feeding T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol on DNA and GSH contents of brain and spleen of rats supplemented with vitamin-E and vitamin-C and selenium combination","volume":"74","author":"Atroshi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Anim. Phys. Anim. Nutr.-Zeit. Tierphysiol. Tierer. Futter"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(92)90058-R","article-title":"Hepatic accumulation and hepatotoxicity of luteoskyrin in mice","volume":"61","author":"Masuda","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(89)90057-4","article-title":"Intestinal-absorption and excretion of aflatoxin in rats","volume":"97","author":"Kumagai","year":"1989","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040050312","article-title":"Distribution and induction of aflatoxin B-1\u20139a-hydroxylase activity in rat liver parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells","volume":"70","author":"GemechuHatewu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.2527\/2005.8361267x","article-title":"Effects of feeding a blend of grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on feed intake, metabolism, and indices of athletic performance of exercised horses\u2019","volume":"83","author":"Raymond","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.55.070186.004405","article-title":"Metallothionein","volume":"55","author":"Hamer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0426.2008.01132.x","article-title":"Metallothionein levels in sperm of various fish species","volume":"24","author":"Fabrik","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ichthyol"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.17221\/2232-CJAS","article-title":"Possibilities of electrochemical techniques in metallothionein and lead detection in fish tissues","volume":"52","author":"Krizkova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Czech J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.3390\/s8042293","article-title":"An electrochemical detection of metallothioneins at the zeptomole level in nanolitre volumes","volume":"8","author":"Adam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"51","article-title":"Application of the Brdicka reaction in determination of metallothionein in patients with tumours","volume":"102","author":"Adam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Listy"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200704215","article-title":"Employment of electrochemical techniques for metallothionein determination in tumor cell lines and patients with a tumor disease","volume":"20","author":"Fabrik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4801","DOI":"10.1021\/ac010126u","article-title":"Determination of metallothionein at the femtomole level by constant current stripping chronopotentiometry","volume":"73","author":"Kizek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.3390\/s8053106","article-title":"Utilizing of adsorptive transfer stripping technique Brdicka reaction for determination of metallothioneins level in melanoma cells, blood serum and tissues","volume":"8","author":"Krizkova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.07.025","article-title":"Utilizing a chronopotentiometric sensor technique for metallothionein determination in fish tissues and their host parasites","volume":"127","author":"Petrlova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"S156","article-title":"Plasma metallothionein levels in lead poisoned child","volume":"158","author":"Prusa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5394(02)00048-8","article-title":"Catalytic signal of rabbit liver metallothionein on a mercury electrode: a combination of derivative chronopotentiometry with adsorptive transfer stripping","volume":"56","author":"Trnkova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(98)00046-9","article-title":"Glutathione S-transferase-placental form expression and proliferation of hepatocytes in fumonisin B-1-treated male and female Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"128","author":"Mehta","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.04.034","article-title":"Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and ochratoxin A toxicity in primary human urothelial cells","volume":"224","author":"Lebrun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.08.004","article-title":"Ochratoxin A: induction of (oxidative) DNA damage, cytotoxicity and apoptosis in mammalian cell lines and primary cells","volume":"206","author":"Kamp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4439(02)00159-X","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in the ochratoxin A-mediated toxicity in proximal tubular cells","volume":"1588","author":"Schaaf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Basis Dis"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/17450390802190292","article-title":"Effects of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone on oxidative stress and blood phagocytic activity in broilers","volume":"62","author":"Borutova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1556\/CRC.36.2008.Suppl.B.20","article-title":"The wheat response to deoxynivalenol: does maintenance of hormone homeostasis and alleviation of oxidative stress play an important role in toxin tolerance?","volume":"36","author":"Doohan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereal Res. Commun"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2008.05.017","article-title":"Ochratoxin A decontamination: A review","volume":"20","author":"Amezqueta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2007.01.015","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in zearalenone-mediated toxicity in Hep G2 cells: Oxidative DNA damage, gluthatione depletion and stress proteins induction","volume":"232","author":"Hassen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/15376510701556682","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and oxidative damage in kidney cells exposed to the mycotoxins ochratoxin A and citrinin: Individual and combined effects","volume":"18","author":"Bouslimi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.07.006","article-title":"Inula crithmoides extract protects against ochratoxin A-induced oxidative stress, clastogenic and mutagenic alterations in male rats","volume":"52","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/00288233.2004.9513579","article-title":"Antioxidants in blood from sheep lines divergently selected for facial eczema resistance","volume":"47","author":"Hohenboken","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Agric. Res"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20309","article-title":"Patulin influences the expression of Th1\/Th2 cytokines by activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and T cells through depletion of intracellular glutathione","volume":"23","author":"Luft","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200400089","article-title":"Patulin reduces glutathione level and enzyme activities in rat liver slices","volume":"49","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2007.09.006","article-title":"Mycotoxin fumonisin B-1 alters cellular redox balance and signalling pathways in rat liver and kidney","volume":"242","author":"Rumora","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(74)80270-X","article-title":"Prevention by metallothionein of cadmium induced inhibition of vitamin D activation reaction in kidney","volume":"42","author":"Suda","year":"1974","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8810","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.24.8810","article-title":"Regulation of metallothionein gene expression by 1-alpha-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in cultured cells and in mice","volume":"84","author":"Karasawa","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(90)90267-X","article-title":"Toxicity of cadmium to rat osteosarcoma cells (ROS 17\/2.8): Protective effect of 1-alpha-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"103","author":"Angle","year":"1990","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(74)90172-6","article-title":"The isolation of metallothionein and its protective role in cadmium poisoning","volume":"165","author":"Kimura","year":"1974","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810801992384","article-title":"Effects of vitamin E, vitamin C, and selenium on gastric fundus in cadmium toxicity in male rats","volume":"27","author":"Bolkent","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007214","article-title":"Metal-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"16","author":"Britton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-0134(94)80032-4","article-title":"Interaction of selenium and arsenic with metallothionein: Effect of vitamin B12","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"22","article-title":"Zinc status in vitamin B6 deficiency","volume":"67","author":"Pillay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3390\/s7050743","article-title":"Multi-instrumental investigation of affecting of early somatic embryos of Spruce by cadmium(II) and lead(II) ions","volume":"7","author":"Supalkova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2006.03.078","article-title":"Attomole voltammetric determination of metallothionein","volume":"51","author":"Petrlova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-9140(01)00399-X","article-title":"Analysis of metallothioneins by the modified Brdicka procedure","volume":"55","author":"Raspor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4081","DOI":"10.3390\/s8074081","article-title":"A determination of metallothionein in larvae of freshwater midges (Chironomus riparius) using Brdicka reaction","volume":"8","author":"Fabrik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.3390\/s8021039","article-title":"Influence of cadmium(II) ions and brewery sludge on metallothionein level in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) \u2013 Bio-transforming of toxic wastes","volume":"8","author":"Huska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/10\/3\/1138\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:10:02Z","timestamp":1760220602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/10\/3\/1138"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,12]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms10031138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms10031138","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,12]]}}}