{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T19:59:19Z","timestamp":1791575959436,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,16]],"date-time":"2011-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1316131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the last decade, decreasing effectiveness of conventional antimicrobial-drugs has caused serious problems due to the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Furthermore, biofilms, which are microbial communities that cause serious chronic infections and dental plaque, form environments that enhance antimicrobial resistance. As a result, there is a continuous search to overcome or control such problems, which has resulted in antimicrobial peptides being considered as an alternative to conventional drugs. Antimicrobial peptides are ancient host defense effector molecules in living organisms. These peptides have been identified in diverse organisms and synthetically developed by using peptidomimic techniques. This review was conducted to demonstrate the mode of action by which antimicrobial peptides combat multidrug-resistant bacteria and prevent biofilm formation and to introduce clinical uses of these compounds for chronic disease, medical devices, and oral health. In addition, combinations of antimicrobial peptides and conventional drugs were considered due to their synergetic effects and low cost for therapeutic treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12095971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,16]],"date-time":"2011-09-16T10:42:45Z","timestamp":1316169765000},"page":"5971-5992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":289,"title":["The Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Preventing Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections and Biofilm Formation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Seong-Cheol","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoonkyung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Soo","family":"Hahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea"},{"name":"Bioleaders Corporation, 559 Yongsan-Dong, Yusong-Ku, Daejeon 305-500, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1312.070629","article-title":"Hospitalizations and deaths caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, United States, 1999\u20132005","volume":"13","author":"Klein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490712200205","article-title":"Estimating health care-associated infections and deaths in U.S. hospitals, 2002","volume":"122","author":"Klevens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki266","article-title":"Surveillance and epidemiology of MRSA bacteraemia in the UK","volume":"56","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e307","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050307","article-title":"Looking for chinks in the armor of bacterial biofilms","volume":"5","author":"Monroe","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro821","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases","volume":"2","author":"Costerton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05321-1","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms","volume":"358","author":"Stewart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65S","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90345-X","article-title":"Catheter-associated urinary tract infections: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention","volume":"91","author":"Stamm","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/33.suppl_A.31","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: influence on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections","volume":"33","author":"Nickel","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509346811","article-title":"Bacterial interactions in dental biofilm development","volume":"88","author":"Hojo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. 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