{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T03:18:02Z","timestamp":1783653482349,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,30]],"date-time":"2012-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, leaves of three indigenous varieties of Mulberry namely, Morus alba L., Morus nigra L. and Morus rubra L. were investigated for their antioxidant potential and their proximate composition was determined. The yields of 80% methanolic extracts ranged between 8.28\u201313.89%. The contents of total phenolics (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC) and ascorbic acid (AA) ranged between 16.21\u201324.37 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)\/g, 26.41\u201331.28 mg rutin equivalent (RE)\/g and 0.97\u20131.49 mg\/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity of leaf extracts was evaluated by measuring 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH\u2022) radical scavenging actity, 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS\u2022+) radical cation scavenging capacity and ferric ion reducing power and values ranged between 1.89\u20132.12, 6.12\u20139.89 and 0.56\u20130.97 mM Trolox equivalent\/g of dried leaves, respectively. The investigated features reveal good nutritive and antioxidant attributes of all the varieties with mutually significant differences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13066651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,30]],"date-time":"2012-05-30T11:08:12Z","timestamp":1338376092000},"page":"6651-6664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["Proximate Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Leaves from Three Varieties of Mulberry (Morus sp.): A Comparative Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shahid","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6889-327X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umer","family":"Younas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Sirajuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim Wei","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raja Adil","family":"Sarfraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Kamal","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-3988(08)60003-3","article-title":"Screening of antioxidant potential of selected barks of Indian medicinal plants by multiple in vitro assays","volume":"21","author":"Kakkar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.12.023","article-title":"ACE-inhibitory and antioxidant properties of potato (Solanum tuberosum)","volume":"109","author":"Pihlanto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2003.07.003","article-title":"Free radical scavenging activity of an aqueous extract of potato peel","volume":"85","author":"Singh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6182","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0205099","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of grains","volume":"50","author":"Adom","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4522.2008.00122.x","article-title":"Antioxidant potential of Desi chickpea varieties commonly consumed in Pakistan","volume":"15","author":"Iqbal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Lipids"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.09.047","article-title":"Radical scavenging activity of various extracts and fractions of sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis)","volume":"94","author":"Anagnostopoulou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2009.12.003","article-title":"Effect of post-harvest practices on flavonoid content of red and white onion cultivars","volume":"21","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3495","DOI":"10.1021\/jf011405l","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of Oregon caneberries","volume":"50","author":"Wada","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"103","article-title":"Antioxidant contents and composition in some fruits and their role in human nutrition","volume":"27","author":"Lachman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hortic. Sci"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.02.020","article-title":"Influence of grape variety, vine system and enological treatments on the colour stability of young red wines","volume":"101","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2007.02.012","article-title":"Isolation of an 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase gene from mulberry (Morus alba L.) and analysis of the function of this gene in plant development and stresses response","volume":"165","author":"Pan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.05.074","article-title":"Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit in hyperlipidaemia rats","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2011.03.007","article-title":"Influence of alcoholic fermentation process on antioxidant activity and phenolic levels from mulberries (Morus nigra L.)","volume":"44","author":"Regueiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2007.10.021","article-title":"Some physico-chemical characteristics of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) genotypes from Northeast Anatolia region of Turkey","volume":"116","author":"Ercisli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"25","article-title":"Phenolic acids profiling and antioxidant potential of mulberry (Morus laevigata W., Morus nigra L., Morus alba L.) leaves and fruits grown in Pakistan","volume":"60","author":"Memon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.11.045","article-title":"Antioxidant and antityrosinase activity of mulberry (Morus alba L.) twigs and root bark","volume":"49","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charunuch, C., Tangkanakul, P., Rungchang, S., and Sonted, V. (2007, January 15\u201318). Application of Mulberry (Morus alba) for Supplementing Antioxidant Activity in Extruded Thai Rice Snack. Chiang Mai, Thailand.","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2008.786.14"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2009.06.009","article-title":"In vivo hypoglycemic effects of phenolics from the root bark of Morus alba","volume":"80","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2009.06.035","article-title":"Two new prenylflavonoids from Morus nigra L","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"353","article-title":"Antioxidant potential profile of extracts from different parts of black mulberry","volume":"22","author":"Iqbal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian J. Chem"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"26","article-title":"Protective effect of Morus rubra L. leaf extract on diet-induced atherosclerosis in diabetic rats","volume":"47","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Biochem. Biophys"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(02)00753-7","article-title":"Antiviral flavonoids from the root bark of Morus alba L","volume":"62","author":"Du","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10942910802120139","article-title":"Antioxidant efficacy of mulberry (Morus indica L.) leaves extract and powder in edible oil","volume":"13","author":"Roy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2008.03.018","article-title":"Isolation and viscometric characterization of hydrocolloids from mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves","volume":"23","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Hydrocolloid"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.03.019","article-title":"Antioxidant flavonol glycosides in mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves isolated based on LDL antioxidant activity","volume":"97","author":"Katsube","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"854","article-title":"Phenolic antioxidants isolated from Mulberry leaves","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2006.04.015","article-title":"Preliminary assessment of nutritional value of traditional leafy vegetables in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"20","author":"Odhav","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(01)00376-4","article-title":"Chemical composition of common leafy vegetables and functional properties of their leaf protein concentrates","volume":"78","author":"Aletor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.03.011","article-title":"Nutrient contents of kale (Brassica oleraceae L. var. acephala DC.)","volume":"96","author":"Ayaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0308-8146(95)00206-5","article-title":"Nutrient composition of three Nigerian medicinal plants","volume":"57","author":"Ekpa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2007.02.004","article-title":"Molecular genetic approaches to increasing mineral availability and vitamin content of cereals","volume":"46","author":"Borg","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2004.06.012","article-title":"Analysis of nutrient and antinutrient content of underutilized green leafy vegetables","volume":"38","author":"Gupta","year":"2005","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2007.11.005","article-title":"Relationship between antioxidant properties and chemical composition of some Thai plants","volume":"21","author":"Maisuthisakul","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.06.006","article-title":"Pattern recognition of three Vitis vinifera L. red grapes varieties based on anthocyanin and flavonol profiles, with correlations between their biosynthesis pathways","volume":"130","author":"Santiago","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.3844\/ajassp.2010.1243.1247","article-title":"Determination of antioxidants in oil palm leaves (Elaeis guineensis)","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. App. Sci"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.11.069","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the antioxidant potential of some Iranian medicinal plants","volume":"104","author":"Bouayed","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.06.037","article-title":"Effect of meteorological conditions on antioxidant flavonoids in Portuguese cultivars of white and red onions","volume":"124","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.04.028","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of some Algerian medicinal plants extracts containing phenolic compounds","volume":"97","author":"Djeridane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1053\/j.mpmed.2006.09.007","article-title":"The role of antioxidants in disease prevention","volume":"34","author":"Serafini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2010.12.019","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of chlorophyll-enriched and chlorophyll-depleted polyphenolic fractions from leaves of Vernonia amgdalina and Gongronema latifolium","volume":"44","author":"Fasakin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Res. Int"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2010.04.008","article-title":"A review of the antioxidant potential of medicinal plant species","volume":"89","author":"Krishnaiah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2009.02.013","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of Potentilla fulgens: An alpine plant of western Himalaya","volume":"23","author":"Jaitak","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.09.033","article-title":"Antioxidant activities, phenolic and \u03b2-carotene contents of sweet potato genotypes with varying flesh colours","volume":"103","author":"Teow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2006.01.003","article-title":"Comparison of ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC assays for estimating antioxidant activity from guava fruit extracts","volume":"19","author":"Thaipong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.11.033","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity of the Spanish Mediterranean diet","volume":"94","author":"Goni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.03.040","article-title":"Quantification of the polyphenolic fraction and in vitro antioxidant and in vivo anti-hyperlipemic activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous extract","volume":"44","author":"Pasini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res. Int"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.02.067","article-title":"Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Brazilian mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties","volume":"110","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"297","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of selected fruits and vegetables grown in Turkey","volume":"29","author":"Karadeniz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric. For"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.02.055","article-title":"Antioxidant activities and polyphenolic contents of fifteen selected plant species from the Amazonian region","volume":"101","author":"Silva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.01.019","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of phenolic components present in barks of Azadirachta indica, Terminalia arjuna, Acacia nilotica, and Eugenia jambolana Lam. trees","volume":"104","author":"Sultana","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"102","article-title":"Total phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of some medicinal plants","volume":"22","author":"Sengul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(1995). Official Methods of Analysis, AOAC. [16th ed]."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2004.09.006","article-title":"Polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity of Maydis stigma extracts","volume":"96","author":"Maksimovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2005.05.001","article-title":"Effect of season and production location on antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera leaves grown in Pakistan","volume":"19","author":"Iqbal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2000). Official Method of Analysis, Gaithersburg, MD, USA. [15th ed]. (No. 967.21 Ascorbic acid in vitamin preparations and juices)."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2005.10.001","article-title":"Antioxidant properties and components of bran extracts from selected wheat varieties commercially available in Pakistan","volume":"40","author":"Iqbal","year":"2007","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0292","article-title":"The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of \u201cantioxidant power\u201d: The FRAP assay","volume":"239","author":"Benzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/13\/6\/6651\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:50:33Z","timestamp":1760219433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/13\/6\/6651"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,30]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms13066651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms13066651","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,30]]}}}