{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:00:45Z","timestamp":1791939645462,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,13]],"date-time":"2012-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1339545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract: In this review, we elucidate the mechanisms of A\u03b2 oligomer toxicity which may contribute to Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). In particular, we discuss on the interaction of A\u03b2 oligomers with the membrane through the process of adsorption and insertion. Such interaction gives rises to phase transitions in the sub-structures of the A\u03b2 peptide from \u03b1-helical to \u03b2-sheet structure. By means of a coarse-grained model, we exhibit the tendency of \u03b2-sheet structures to aggregate, thus providing further insights to the process of membrane induced aggregation. We show that the aggregated oligomer causes membrane invagination, which is a precursor to the formation of pore structures and ion channels. Other pathological progressions to AD due to A\u03b2 oligomers are also covered, such as their interaction with the membrane receptors, and their direct versus indirect effects on oxidative stress and intraneuronal accumulation. We further illustrate that the molecule curcumin is a potential A\u03b2 toxicity inhibitor as a \u03b2-sheet breaker by having a high propensity to interact with certain A\u03b2 residues without binding to them. The comprehensive understanding gained from these current researches on the various toxicity mechanisms show promises in the provision of better therapeutics and treatment strategies in the near future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13067303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,14]],"date-time":"2012-06-14T02:32:26Z","timestamp":1339641146000},"page":"7303-7327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":148,"title":["The Toxicity of Amyloid \u00df Oligomers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Li Na","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637731, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hon Wai","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637731, Singapore"},{"name":"High Performance Computing Centre, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2499-026X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuguang","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1366-8205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lock Yue","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637731, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10328","article-title":"Paradigm shifts in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders: The emerging role of oligomeric assemblies","volume":"69","author":"Kirkitadze","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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