{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T06:10:22Z","timestamp":1784873422987,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,21]],"date-time":"2012-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1340236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stroke is an enormous public health problem with an imperative need for more effective therapies. In therapies for ischemic stroke, tissue plasminogen activators, antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants are used mainly for their antithrombotic effects. However, free radical scavengers, minocycline and growth factors have shown neuroprotective effects in the treatment of stroke, while antihypertensive drugs, lipid-lowering drugs and hypoglycemic drugs have shown beneficial effects for the prevention of stroke. In the present review, we evaluate the treatment and prevention of stroke in light of clinical studies and discuss new anti-stroke effects other than the main effects of drugs, focusing on optimal pharmacotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13067739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,21]],"date-time":"2012-06-21T18:56:28Z","timestamp":1340304988000},"page":"7739-7761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Clinical Neuroprotective Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kiyoshi","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisaaki","family":"Uchikado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan"},{"name":"Uchikado Neuro-Spine Clinic, 1-2-3 Naka, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-0893, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motohiro","family":"Morioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshinaka","family":"Murai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiichiro","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"525","article-title":"US cost burden of ischemic stroke: A systematic literature review","volume":"16","author":"Demaerschalk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. 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