{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:59:50Z","timestamp":1791176390852,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,25]],"date-time":"2012-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1348531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The RAS gene family is among the most studied and best characterized of the known cancer-related genes. Of the three human ras isoforms, KRAS is the most frequently altered gene, with mutations occurring in 17%\u201325% of all cancers. In particular, approximately 30%\u201340% of colon cancers harbor a KRAS mutation. KRAS mutations in colon cancers have been associated with poorer survival and increased tumor aggressiveness. Additionally, KRAS mutations in colorectal cancer lead to resistance to select treatment strategies. In this review we examine the history of KRAS, its prognostic value in patients with colorectal cancer, and evidence supporting its predictive value in determining appropriate therapies for patients with colorectal cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms131012153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,25]],"date-time":"2012-09-25T20:54:33Z","timestamp":1348606473000},"page":"12153-12168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":196,"title":["Prognostic and Predictive Roles of KRAS Mutation in Colorectal Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Amanda K.","family":"Arrington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen L.","family":"Heinrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjun","family":"Duldulao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Supriya","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Garcia-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Colorectal Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 11597, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90571-5","article-title":"Most human carcinomas of the exocrine pancreas contain mutant C-K-Ras genes","volume":"53","author":"Almoguera","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdm496","article-title":"KRAS wild-type state predicts survival and is associated to early radiological response in metastatic colorectal cancer treated with cetuximab","volume":"19","author":"Piessevaux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. 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