{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T20:22:09Z","timestamp":1785356529908,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,30]],"date-time":"2012-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effective surface disinfection is a fundamental infection control strategy within healthcare. This study assessed the antimicrobial efficacy of novel biocide formulations comprising 5% and 2% eucalyptus oil (EO) combined with 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) and 70% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) contained within a wipe. The efficacy of this novel antimicrobial formulation to remove and eliminate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli and Candida albicans from steel surfaces was investigated. Adpression studies of pre-contaminated wipes were also utilised to assess their potential to induce cross-contamination between hard surfaces. Furthermore, the bactericidal nature of the EO-formulation was established in addition to time-kill. The EO-containing formulations demonstrated bactericidal antimicrobial efficacy against all microorganisms and did not induce surface cross-contamination. There was no significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) between the 5% and 2% EO formulations in their ability to remove microorganisms from steel surfaces, however both significantly (p &lt; 0.05) removed more than the control formulations. Microbial biofilms were eliminated within 10 min (p &lt; 0.05) when exposed to the EO formulations. Our novel EO-formulation demonstrated rapid antimicrobial efficacy for potential disinfection and elimination of microbial biofilms from hard surfaces and may therefore be a useful adjunct to current infection control strategies currently employed within healthcare facilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms131114016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,30]],"date-time":"2012-10-30T12:02:13Z","timestamp":1351598533000},"page":"14016-14025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Digluconate and Isopropyl Alcohol Biocide Formulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Hendry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5570-3318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD9 3JA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Worthington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.04.009","article-title":"Hospital cleaning: Problems with steam cleaning and microfibre","volume":"72","author":"Griffith","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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Dis"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn325","article-title":"Antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine digluconate alone and in combination with eucalyptus oil, tea tree oil and thymol against planktonic and biofilm cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"62","author":"Karpanen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp362","article-title":"Antimicrobial efficacy of eucalyptus oil and 1,8-cineole alone and in combination with chlorhexidine digluconate against microorganisms grown in planktonic and biofilm cultures","volume":"64","author":"Hendry","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. 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