{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:16:11Z","timestamp":1791216971968,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,9]],"date-time":"2013-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1357689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>UVB radiation is the most mutagenic component of the UV spectrum that reaches the earth\u2019s surface and causes the development of DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts. UV radiation usually results in cellular death, but if left unchecked, it can affect DNA integrity, cell and tissue homeostasis and cause mutations in oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes. These mutations, if unrepaired, can lead to abnormal cell growth, increasing the risk of cancer development. Epidemiological data strongly associates UV exposure as a major factor in melanoma development, but the exact biological mechanisms involved in this process are yet to be fully elucidated. The nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway is responsible for the repair of UV-induced lesions. Patients with the genetic disorder Xeroderma Pigmentosum have a mutation in one of eight NER genes associated with the XP complementation groups XP-A to XP-G and XP variant (XP-V). XP is characterized by diminished repair capacity, as well as a 1000-fold increase in the incidence of skin cancers, including melanoma. This has suggested a significant role for NER in melanoma development as a result of UVB exposure. This review discusses the current research surrounding UVB radiation and NER capacity and how further investigation of NER could elucidate the role of NER in avoiding UV-induced cellular death resulting in melanomagenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14011132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,9]],"date-time":"2013-01-09T12:43:46Z","timestamp":1357735426000},"page":"1132-1151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["The Role of Altered Nucleotide Excision Repair and  UVB-Induced DNA Damage in Melanomagenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Timothy","family":"Budden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Information Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, and School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2289, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Bowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Information Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, and School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2289, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(01)00206-8","article-title":"Direct and indirect effects of UV radiation on DNA and its components","volume":"63","author":"Ravanat","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.12.007","article-title":"Skin DNA photodamage and its biological consequences","volume":"58","author":"Marrot","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06780.x","article-title":"Differential expression of melanoma-associated growth factors in keratinocytes and fibroblasts by ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B radiation","volume":"153","author":"Brenner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(02)00461-1","article-title":"Epidemiologic evidence for different roles of ultraviolet A and B radiation in melanoma mortality rates","volume":"13","author":"Garland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2008.00498.x","article-title":"UV and pigmentation: Molecular mechanisms and social controversies","volume":"21","author":"Tran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1206444","article-title":"Melanoma etiology: Where are we?","volume":"22","author":"Tucker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15557","DOI":"10.1021\/bi048717c","article-title":"Similar mutagenicity of photoactivated porphyrins and ultraviolet A radiation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts: Involvement of oxidative DNA lesions in mutagenesis","volume":"43","author":"Besaratinia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1586\/17469872.2.4.451","article-title":"Mechanism of UV-related carcinogenesis and its contribution to nevi\/melanoma","volume":"2","author":"Brozyna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Dermatol"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(98)00023-6","article-title":"Animals under the sun: Effects of ultraviolet radiation on mammalian skin","volume":"16","author":"Slominski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2008.00500.x","article-title":"Ultraviolet wavebands and melanoma initiation","volume":"21","author":"Bennett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0303-6987.2005.00281.x","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer: Molecular mechanisms","volume":"32","author":"Hussein","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1997.tb08560.x","article-title":"Formation and processing of UV photoproducts: Effects of DNA sequence and chromatin environment","volume":"65","author":"Pfeifer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2005.05.001","article-title":"Repair of the three main types of bipyrimidine DNA photoproducts in human keratinocytes exposed to UVB and UVA radiations","volume":"4","author":"Courdavault","year":"2005","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1995.tb05236.x","article-title":"Contrasting structural impacts induced by cis-syn cyclobutane dimer and (6-4) adduct in DNA duplex decamers: Implication in mutagenesis and repair activity","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44688","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M107696200","article-title":"Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are responsible for the vast majority of mutations induced by UVB irradiation in mammalian cells","volume":"276","author":"You","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07230.x","article-title":"Roles of the transcription factor p53 in keratinocyte carcinomas","volume":"154","author":"Brash","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5404.1001","article-title":"Efficient bypass of a thymine-thymine dimer by yeast DNA polymerase, Poleta","volume":"283","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1038\/21447","article-title":"The XPV (xeroderma pigmentosum variant) gene encodes human DNA polymerase \u03b7","volume":"399","author":"Masutani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1997.tb03213.x","article-title":"UVB-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer frequency correlates with skin cancer mutational hotspots in p53","volume":"66","author":"Drouin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"4727","article-title":"Sunlight induces pyrimidine dimers preferentially at 5-methylcytosine bases","volume":"57","author":"Tommasi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1998.2176","article-title":"Sequence and time-dependent deamination of cytosine bases in UVB-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in vivo","volume":"284","author":"Tu","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-010-0119-y","article-title":"How sunlight causes melanoma","volume":"12","author":"Garibyan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol. Rep"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2008). The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update, WHO."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2008). Cancer in Australia: An overview, 2008, AIHW. Cat. no. CAN 42."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3138","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1206454","article-title":"Apoptosis and melanoma chemoresistance","volume":"22","author":"Soengas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700963","article-title":"Gadd45a activation protects melanoma cells from ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis","volume":"128","author":"Fayolle","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Tracey, E., Kerr, T., Dobrovic, A., and Currow, D. (2008). Cancer in New South Wales: Incidence and Mortality Report 2008, Cancer Institute NSW."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1206450","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation and cutaneous malignant melanoma","volume":"22","author":"Jhappan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(99)00283-X","article-title":"Skin cancer and solar UV radiation","volume":"35","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08658","article-title":"A comprehensive catalogue of somatic mutations from a human cancer genome","volume":"463","author":"Pleasance","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11071","article-title":"Melanoma genome sequencing reveals frequent PREX2 mutations","volume":"485","author":"Berger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.06.024","article-title":"A landscape of driver mutations in melanoma","volume":"150","author":"Hodis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2359","article-title":"Exome sequencing identifies recurrent somatic RAC1 mutations in melanoma","volume":"44","author":"Krauthammer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Genet"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.1041","article-title":"Frequent somatic mutations in MAP3K5 and MAP3K9 in metastatic melanoma identified by exome sequencing","volume":"44","author":"Stark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Genet"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1002011","article-title":"Inhibition of mutated, activated BRAF in metastatic melanoma","volume":"363","author":"Flaherty","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0996-78","article-title":"The role of the human homologue of Drosophila patched in sporadic basal cell carcinomas","volume":"14","author":"Gailani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat. Genet"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgi123","article-title":"Non-melanoma skin cancer: What drives tumor development and progression?","volume":"26","author":"Boukamp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10321","article-title":"UV-B type mutations and chromosomal imbalances indicate common pathways for the development of Merkel and skin squamous cell carcinomas","volume":"99","author":"Popp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.10179","article-title":"TP53 mutations in human skin cancers","volume":"21","author":"Sarasin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Human Mutat"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/372773a0","article-title":"Sunburn and p53 in the onset of skin cancer","volume":"372","author":"Ziegler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2001.2128","article-title":"Activation and activities of the p53 tumour suppressor protein","volume":"85","author":"Balint","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6690147","article-title":"p53 mutations in human cutaneous melanoma correlate with sun exposure, but are not always involved in melanomagenesis","volume":"79","author":"Zerp","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.104687","article-title":"Melanoma genetics: An update with focus on the CDKN2A(p16)\/ARF tumor suppressors","volume":"42","author":"Piepkorn","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"6724","article-title":"Ink4a\/arf deficiency promotes ultraviolet radiation-induced melanomagenesis","volume":"62","author":"Recio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.20481","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation and melanoma: A systematic review and analysis of reported sequence variants","volume":"28","author":"Hocker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Human Mutat"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5287","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-4614","article-title":"PTEN positively regulates UVB-induced DNA damage repair","volume":"71","author":"Ming","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"3660","article-title":"Disruption of the MMAC1\/PTEN gene by deletion or mutation is a frequent event in malignant melanoma","volume":"57","author":"Guldberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3397","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1201881","article-title":"Identification of PTEN\/MMAC1 alterations in uncultured melanomas and melanoma cell lines","volume":"16","author":"Tsao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6279","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812401106","article-title":"Evidence of ultraviolet type mutations in xeroderma pigmentosum melanomas","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvg149","article-title":"Structural basis of the Rho GTPase signaling","volume":"134","author":"Hakoshima","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.21.020604.150721","article-title":"RHO GTPASES: Biochemistry and Biology","volume":"21","author":"Jaffe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.01660","article-title":"The Ras superfamily at a glance","volume":"118","author":"Wennerberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2008.09.001","article-title":"How DNA lesions are turned into powerful killing structures: Insights from UV-induced apoptosis","volume":"681","author":"Batista","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mutat. Res"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/35094000","article-title":"How nucleotide excision repair protects against cancer","volume":"1","author":"Friedberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17325","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605446103","article-title":"DNA nucleotide excision repair-dependent signaling to checkpoint activation","volume":"103","author":"Marini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600665","article-title":"Homologous recombination is involved in transcription-coupled repair of UV damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"24","author":"Aboussekhra","year":"2005","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11268","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.200226697","article-title":"Differential role of transcription-coupled repair in UVB-induced G2 arrest and apoptosis in mouse epidermis","volume":"97","author":"Rebel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2008.6","article-title":"Transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair in mammalian cells: Molecular mechanisms and biological effects","volume":"18","author":"Fousteri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07010.x","article-title":"Transcription-coupled repair removes both cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts with equal efficiency and in a sequential way from transcribed DNA in xeroderma pigmentosum group C fibroblasts","volume":"14","author":"Venema","year":"1995","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-006-9044-7","article-title":"UV-induced ubiquitylation of XPC complex, the UV-DDB-ubiquitin ligase complex and DNA repair","volume":"37","author":"Sugasawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Histol"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3350","article-title":"TFIIH: When transcription met DNA repair","volume":"13","author":"Compe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4061\/2010\/592980","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage and repair","volume":"2010","author":"Rastogi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80132-X","article-title":"Xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein complex is the initiator of global genome nucleotide excision repair","volume":"2","author":"Sugasawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46906","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M307254200","article-title":"In vivo recruitment of XPC to UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers by the DDB2 gene product","volume":"278","author":"Fitch","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.10.045","article-title":"Structural Basis of UV DNA-Damage Recognition by the DDB1\/DDB2 Complex","volume":"135","author":"Scrima","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmr088","article-title":"Regulation of nucleotide excision repair through ubiquitination","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5981","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh934","article-title":"Roles of Rad23 protein in yeast nucleotide excision repair","volume":"32","author":"Xie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.260003","article-title":"A novel regulation mechanism of DNA repair by damage-induced and RAD23-dependent stabilization of xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein","volume":"17","author":"Ng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00271","article-title":"Rescue of arrested RNA polymerase II complexes","volume":"116","author":"Svejstrup","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11586","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.21.11586","article-title":"UV-induced ubiquitination of RNA polymerase II: A novel modification deficient in Cockayne syndrome cells","volume":"93","author":"Bregman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5184","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.9.5184","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation-induced ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the large subunit of RNA Polymerase II","volume":"273","author":"Ratner","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.4.2532","article-title":"Distinct roles for the helicases of TFIIH in transcript initiation and promoter escape","volume":"275","author":"Bradsher","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.9.1.10267","article-title":"The long unwinding road: XPB and XPD helicases in damaged DNA opening","volume":"9","author":"Oksenych","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(01)00281-7","article-title":"Sequential assembly of the nucleotide excision repair factors in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Volker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/374566a0","article-title":"RPA involvement in the damage-recognition and incision steps of nucleotide excision repair","volume":"374","author":"He","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4152","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.8.4152","article-title":"DNA repair protein XPA binds replication protein A (RPA)","volume":"270","author":"Matsuda","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2003.10.014","article-title":"The XPG story","volume":"85","author":"Clarkson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.4.872","article-title":"Activity of individual ERCC1 and XPF subunits in DNA nucleotide excision repair","volume":"29","author":"Gaillard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80155-5","article-title":"Xeroderma pigmentosum group F caused by a defect in a structure-specific DNA repair endonuclease","volume":"86","author":"Sijbers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4768","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601894","article-title":"Structural basis for the recruitment of ERCC1-XPF to nucleotide excision repair complexes by XPA","volume":"26","author":"Tsodikov","year":"2007","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4781(92)90480-N","article-title":"The function of DNA polymerases in DNA repair synthesis of ultraviolet-irradiated human fibroblasts","volume":"1129","author":"Popanda","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90416-A","article-title":"Proliferating cell nuclear antigen is required for DNA excision repair","volume":"69","author":"Shivji","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2307\/3579829","article-title":"Rejoining kinetics of DNA single- and double-strand breaks in normal and DNA ligase-deficient cells after exposure to ultraviolet C and gamma radiation: An evaluation of ligating activities involved in different DNA repair processes","volume":"151","author":"Nocentini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiat. Res"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.10.3705-3714.2000","article-title":"p53-Mediated DNA repair responses to UV radiation: Studies of mouse cells lacking p53, p21 and\/orgadd45 genes","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28073","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.44.28073","article-title":"Expression of wild-type p53 is required for efficient global genomic nucleotide excision repair in UV-irradiated human fibroblasts","volume":"272","author":"Ford","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7219","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1232161100","article-title":"UV wavelength-dependent regulation of transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair in p53-deficient human cells","volume":"100","author":"Mathonnet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12985","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.202485699","article-title":"p53 and DNA damage-inducible expression of the xeroderma pigmentosum group C gene","volume":"99","author":"Adimoolam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.2.424","article-title":"Expression of the p48 xeroderma pigmentosum gene is p53-dependent and is involved in global genomic repair","volume":"96","author":"Hwang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3247","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.10.3247-3254.2002","article-title":"p53 binds and activates the xeroderma pigmentosum DDB2 gene in humans, but not mice","volume":"22","author":"Tan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-009-8737-y","article-title":"DNA repair in mammalian cells: Nucleotide excision repair: Variations on versatility","volume":"66","author":"Nouspikel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320420115","article-title":"Cockayne syndrome: Review of 140 cases","volume":"42","author":"Nance","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.8.5.7754","article-title":"Cockayne syndrome B protein (CSB): Linking p53, HIF-1 and p300 to robustness, lifespan, cancer and cell fate decisions","volume":"8","author":"Frontini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804615","article-title":"DNA damage, aging and cancer","volume":"361","author":"Hoeijmakers","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"1974","article-title":"Mutations in the XPC gene in families with xeroderma pigmentosum and consequences at the cell, protein and transcript levels","volume":"60","author":"Chavanne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-6-70","article-title":"Xeroderma pigmentosum","volume":"6","author":"Lehmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(01)01358-X","article-title":"The genetics of the hereditary xeroderma pigmentosum syndrome","volume":"84","author":"Stary","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2010.083022","article-title":"Cancer and neurologic degeneration in xeroderma pigmentosum: Long term follow-up characterises the role of DNA repair","volume":"48","author":"Bradford","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1987.01660260111026","article-title":"Xeroderma pigmentosum: Cutaneous, ocular and neurologic abnormalities in 830 published cases","volume":"123","author":"Kraemer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1004(1999)14:1<9::AID-HUMU2>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"A summary of mutations in the UV-sensitive disorders: Xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome and trichothiodystrophy","volume":"14","author":"Cleaver","year":"1999","journal-title":"Human Mutation"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01533.x","article-title":"Effects of XPD mutations on ultraviolet-induced apoptosis in relation to skin cancer-proneness in repair-deficient syndromes","volume":"117","author":"Queille","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2006.06.005","article-title":"Nucleotide excision repair in differentiated cells","volume":"614","author":"Jansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mutat. Res"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2003.06.002","article-title":"Functional characterization of global genomic DNA repair and its implications for cancer","volume":"544","author":"Hanawalt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mutat. Res"},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"1625","article-title":"High mutation frequency in ras genes of skin tumors isolated from DNA repair deficient xeroderma pigmentosum patients","volume":"53","author":"Robert","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10529","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.22.10529","article-title":"Specific UV-induced mutation spectrum in the p53 gene of skin tumors from DNA-repair-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum patients","volume":"90","author":"Dumaz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.22.1841","article-title":"Association between INK4a-ARF and p53 mutations in skin carcinomas of xeroderma pigmentosum patients","volume":"92","author":"Soufir","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nat. Cancer Inst"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.75","article-title":"Melanoma genetics: Recent findings take us beyond well-traveled pathways","volume":"132","author":"Law","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgi055","article-title":"Assessment of 3 xeroderma pigmentosum group C gene polymorphisms and risk of cutaneous melanoma: A case-control study","volume":"26","author":"Blankenburg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201296","article-title":"No association between three xeroderma pigmentosum group C and one group G gene polymorphisms and risk of cutaneous melanoma","volume":"13","author":"Blankenburg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Human Genet"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgl257","article-title":"DNA repair gene polymorphisms and genetic predisposition to cutaneous melanoma","volume":"28","author":"Povey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2010.00875.x","article-title":"An experimental population study of nucleotide excision repair as a risk factor for UVB-induced melanoma","volume":"87","author":"Fernandez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2010.00693.x","article-title":"Genetic and environmental melanoma models in fish","volume":"23","author":"Patton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4922","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-0095","article-title":"Similar nucleotide excision repair capacity in melanocytes and melanoma cells","volume":"70","author":"Gaddameedhi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12180","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005244107","article-title":"Melanocytes are deficient in repair of oxidative DNA damage and UV-induced photoproducts","volume":"107","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1097\/01.cad.0000127665.74096.93","article-title":"DNA repair pathways in drug resistance in melanoma","volume":"15","author":"Bradbury","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Drugs"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7918","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-0161","article-title":"Nucleotide excision repair gene expression after Cisplatin treatment in melanoma","volume":"70","author":"Bowden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2011.426","article-title":"Cisplatin regulates the MAPK kinase pathway to induce increased expression of DNA repair gene ERCC1 and increase melanoma chemoresistance","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2011.00882.x","article-title":"Identification of DNA repair gene Ercc1 as a novel target in melanoma","volume":"24","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/14\/1\/1132\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:44:09Z","timestamp":1760219049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/14\/1\/1132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,9]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms14011132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms14011132","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,9]]}}}