{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T21:50:50Z","timestamp":1778190650057,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,12]],"date-time":"2013-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Administration of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents is an effective strategy for preventing ultraviolet (UV) irradiation-induced skin damage. Artocarpus communis possesses several pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammation. However, the photoprotective activity of methanol extract of A. communis heartwood (ACM) in ultraviolet irradiation-induced skin damage has not yet been investigated. The present study was performed using ultraviolet absorption, histopathological observation, antioxidant and anti-inflammation assays to elucidate the mechanism of the photoprotective activity of ACM. Our results indicated that ACM displayed a UVA and UVB absorption effect and then effectively decreased scaly skin, epidermis thickness and sunburn cells during ultraviolet irradiation in hairless mice. ACM not only decreased ultraviolet irradiation-mediated oxidative stress, including lowering the overproduction of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation (p &lt; 0.05), but also reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) and interleukin 1\u03b2. Additionally, ACM can decrease the synthesis of cytosolic phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase, inducible nitric oxide synthase and vascular cell adhesion molecular-1 via inhibiting TNF-\u03b1-independent pathways (p &lt; 0.05) in UVB-mediated inflammation and formation of sunburn cells. Consequently, we concluded that ACM extract has a photoprotective effect against UVB-induced oxidative stress and inflammation due to its sunscreen property, and its topical formulations may be developed as therapeutic and\/or cosmetic products in further studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14023860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,12]],"date-time":"2013-02-12T11:17:57Z","timestamp":1360667877000},"page":"3860-3873","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Effect of Artocarpus communis Extract on UVB Irradiation-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Hairless Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chiang-Wen","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung Institute of Technology, Chia-Yi, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Horng-Huey","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chee-Yin","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan-Tzu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Ching","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng-Lin","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35S","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1993.21","article-title":"Mechanisms of UV-induced inflammation","volume":"100","author":"Hruza","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. 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