{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T02:38:39Z","timestamp":1785033519142,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,25]],"date-time":"2013-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1361750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is an enterovirus of the family of Picornaviridae. The Group B coxsackieviruses include six serotypes (B1 to B6) that cause a variety of human diseases, including myocarditis, meningitis, and diabetes. Among the group B, the B3 strain is mostly studied for its cardiovirulence and its ability to cause acute and persistent infections. Translation initiation of CVB3 RNA has been shown to be mediated by a highly ordered structure of the 5\u2019-untranslated region (5\u2019UTR), which harbors an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Translation initiation is a complex process in which initiator tRNA, 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits are assembled by eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) into an 80S ribosome at the initiation codon of the mRNA. We have previously addressed the question of whether the attenuating mutations of domain V of the poliovirus IRES were specific for a given genomic context or whether they could be transposed and extrapolated to a genomic related virus, i.e., CVB3 wild-type strain. In this context, we have described that Sabin3-like mutation (U473\u2192C) introduced in CVB3 genome led to a defective mutant with a serious reduction in translation efficiency. In this study, we analyzed the efficiency of formation of ribosomal initiation complexes 48S and 80S through 10%\u201330% and 10%\u201350% sucrose gradients using rabbit reticulocyte lysates (RRLs) and stage-specific translation inhibitors: 5'-Guanylyl-imidodiphosphate (GMP-PNP) and Cycloheximide (CHX), respectively. We demonstrated that the interaction of 48S and 80S ribosomal complexes within the mutant CVB3 RNA was abolished compared with the wild-type RNA by ribosome assembly analysis. Taken together, it is possible that the mutant RNA was unable to interact with some trans-acting factors critical for enhanced IRES function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14034400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,25]],"date-time":"2013-02-25T10:53:32Z","timestamp":1361789612000},"page":"4400-4418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Ribosomal Initiation Complex Assembly within the  Wild-Strain of Coxsackievirus B3 and Live-Attenuated  Sabin3-like IRESes during the Initiation of Translation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Amira","family":"Souii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives (LR99-ES27), Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie de Monastir, Avenue Avicenne, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manel","family":"M'hadheb-Gharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives (LR99-ES27), Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie de Monastir, Avenue Avicenne, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"},{"name":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Universit\u00e9 de Monastir, Avenue Tahar Hadded, BP 74, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Sargueil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques (UMR 8015), Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 Paris Descartes, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris 75270 Cedex 06, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Brossard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques (UMR 8015), Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 Paris Descartes, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris 75270 Cedex 06, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Chamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques (UMR 8015), Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 Paris Descartes, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris 75270 Cedex 06, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahjoub","family":"Aouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives (LR99-ES27), Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie de Monastir, Avenue Avicenne, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jawhar","family":"Gharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives (LR99-ES27), Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie de Monastir, Avenue Avicenne, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"},{"name":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Universit\u00e9 de Monastir, Avenue Tahar Hadded, BP 74, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1097\/00001573-199405000-00014","article-title":"Clinical and experimental studies in myocarditis","volume":"9","author":"Kishimoto","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0033-0620(85)90001-5","article-title":"Coxsackievirus myocarditis with special reference to acute and chronic effects","volume":"27","author":"Reyes","year":"1985","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"425","article-title":"Viral myocarditis. A review","volume":"101","author":"Woodruff","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.1976.12097166","article-title":"Enterovirus infections in acute pancreatitis","volume":"11","author":"Arnesjo","year":"1976","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.18.1.53","article-title":"Coxsackie and mumpsvirus infection in a prospective study of acute pancreatitis","volume":"18","author":"Imrie","year":"1977","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0332","article-title":"Coxsackievirus infection of the pancreas: Evaluation of receptor expression, pathogenesis, and immunopathology","volume":"271","author":"Mena","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.2741\/A227","article-title":"Coxsackieviruses and pancreatitis","volume":"2","author":"Ramsingh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Front. Biosci"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.1998.00176.x","article-title":"A cluster of cases of neonatal coxsackievirus B meningitis and myocarditis","volume":"34","author":"Daley","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Child. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"53","article-title":"Group B coxsackie disease in children","volume":"223","author":"Modlin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"669","article-title":"Secondary enterovirus infection in the murine model of myocarditis. Pathologic and immunologic aspects","volume":"136","author":"Beck","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.151534","article-title":"Molecular biology and pathogenesis of viral myocarditis","volume":"3","author":"Esfandiarei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.326","article-title":"The group B coxsackieviruses and myocarditis","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4607","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.8.4607-4618.1995","article-title":"The cardiovirulent phenotype of coxsackievirus B3 is determined at a single site in the Genomic 5\u2032 Nontranslated region","volume":"69","author":"Tu","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Virol"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01317202","article-title":"Coxsackievirus B3 from an infectious cDNA copy of the genome is cardiovirulent in mice","volume":"122","author":"Tracy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Virol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549409008644","article-title":"Efficacy of a polyvalent inactivated-virus vaccine in protecting mice from infection with clinical strains of group B coxsackieviruses","volume":"26","author":"See","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-006-0155-3","article-title":"Effects of the Sabin-like mutations in domain V of the internal ribosome entry segment on translational efficiency of the Coxsackievirus B3","volume":"276","author":"Gharbi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Genomics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-007-9174-3","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the role of IRES stem-loop V in replicative capacities and translation efficiencies of Coxsackievirus B3 mutants","volume":"36","author":"Kean","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9285","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.14.9285-9295.2005","article-title":"A genetically engineered attenuated coxsackievirus B3 strain protects mice against lethal infection","volume":"79","author":"Dan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"103","article-title":"High yield production of an inactivated coxsackie B3 adjuvant vaccine with protective effect against experimental myocarditis","volume":"88","author":"Fohlman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis. Suppl"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.39.2.851-864.1983","article-title":"Temperature-sensitive mutant of coxsackievirus B3 establishes resistance in neonatal mice that protects them during adolescence against coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis","volume":"39","author":"Gauntt","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infect. Immun"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8327","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.10.8327-8331.1998","article-title":"Protection of mice against lethal coxsackievirus B3 infection by using DNA immunization","volume":"72","author":"Henke","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.09.041","article-title":"Deletions within the 5\u2032UTR of coxsackievirus B3: Consequences for virus translation and replication","volume":"360","author":"Hunziker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01327-06","article-title":"Structure of the 5\u2032-Nontranslated Region of the coxsackievirus B3 genome: Chemical modification and comparative sequence analysis","volume":"81","author":"Bailey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.8366","article-title":"In vitro mutational and inhibitory analysis of the cis-acting translational elements within the 5\u2032 untranslated region of coxsackievirus B3: Potential targets for antiviral action of antisense oligomers","volume":"228","author":"Yang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4500","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkf583","article-title":"La autoantigen is required for the internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation of Coxsackievirus B3 RNA","volume":"30","author":"Ray","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucleic Acid Res"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)01788-1","article-title":"Picornavirus RNA-translation: Role for cellular proteins","volume":"8","author":"Belsham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6859","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.16.12.6859","article-title":"Canonical eukaryotic initiation factors determine initiation of translation by internal ribosomal entry","volume":"16","author":"Pestova","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)01027-8","article-title":"Poliovirus 2A proteinase cleaves directly the eIF-4G subunit of eIF-4F complex","volume":"435","author":"Ventoso","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.62.8.2636-2643.1988","article-title":"A segment of the 5\u2032 nontranslated region of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA directs internal entry of ribosomes during in vitro translation","volume":"62","author":"Jang","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Virol"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/334320a0","article-title":"Internal initiation of translation of eukaryotic mRNA directed by a sequence derived from poliovirus RNA","volume":"334","author":"Pelletier","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601494","article-title":"A nucleo-cytoplasmic SR protein functions in viral IRES-mediated translation initiation","volume":"26","author":"Bedard","year":"2007","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0331231","article-title":"Alternative mechanisms of initiating translation of mammalian mRNAs","volume":"33","author":"Jackson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7029","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.111145798","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of translation initiation in eukaryotes: Colloquium","volume":"98","author":"Pestova","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.891101","article-title":"Internal ribosome entry sites in eukaryotic mRNA molecules","volume":"15","author":"Hellen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/35002118","article-title":"The joining of ribosomal subunits in eukaryotes requires eIF5B","volume":"403","author":"Pestova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10218","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)99212-4","article-title":"Eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-4F. Implications for a role in internal initiation of translation","volume":"266","author":"Anthony","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7505","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.9.7505-7514.1999","article-title":"Translation initiation factor eIF4B interacts with a picornavirus internal ribosome entry site in both 48S and 80S Initiation complexes independently of initiator AUG location","volume":"73","author":"Ochs","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06370.x","article-title":"Dominant negative mutants of mammalian translation initiation factor eIF-4A define a critical role for eIF-4F in cap-dependent and cap-independent initiation of translation","volume":"13","author":"Pause","year":"1994","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.12.1.67","article-title":"A prokaryotic-like mode of cytoplasmic eukaryotic ribosome binding to the initiation codon during internal translation initiation of hepatitis C and classical swine fever virus RNAs","volume":"12","author":"Pestova","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.3.961","article-title":"Covalent linkage of a protein to a defined nucleotide sequence at the 5\u2032-terminus of virion and replicative intermediate RNAs of poliovirus","volume":"74","author":"Flanegan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.1.59","article-title":"A protein covalently linked to poliovirus genome RNA","volume":"74","author":"Lee","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14806","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)33352-0","article-title":"Inhibition of HeLa cell protein synthesis following poliovirus infection correlates with the proteolysis of a 220.000-dalton polypeptide associated with eucaryotic initiation factor 3 and a cap binding protein complex","volume":"257","author":"Etchison","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.61.9.2711-2718.1987","article-title":"Poliovirus proteinase 2A induces cleavage of eucaryotic initiation factor 4F polypeptide p220","volume":"61","author":"Krausslich","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Virol"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.5.2357-2360.1989","article-title":"Differences in replication of attenuated and neurovirulent polioviruses in human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y","volume":"63","author":"Racaniello","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Virol"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(90)90190-3","article-title":"Translation deficiency of the Sabin type 3 poliovirus genome: Association with an attenuating mutation C472-U","volume":"175","author":"Svitkin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10261","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M307806200","article-title":"Effects of vaccine strain mutations in domain V of the internal ribosome entry segment compared in the wild type poliovirus type 1 context","volume":"279","author":"Malnou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1265","article-title":"The bacterial ribosome as a target for antibiotics","volume":"3","author":"Poehlsgaard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2004.12.024","article-title":"Ribosome Stalling Regulates IRES-Mediated Translation in Eukaryotes, a Parallel to Prokaryotic Attenuation","volume":"17","author":"Fernandez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)62546-3","article-title":"The mechanism by which cycloheximide and related glutarimide antibiotics inhibit peptide synthesis on reticulocyte ribosomes","volume":"246","author":"Obrig","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.304","article-title":"Inhibition of eukaryotic translation elongation by cycloheximide and lactimidomycin","volume":"6","author":"Ju","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4632","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e06-06-0478","article-title":"Initiation of protein synthesis by Hepatitis C Virus is refractory to reduced eIF2.GTP.Met-tRNAiMet ternary complex availability","volume":"17","author":"Robert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.5200204","article-title":"Eukaryotic protein synthesis inhibitors identified by comparison of cytotoxicity profiles","volume":"10","author":"Chan","year":"2004","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.73.030403.080419","article-title":"The molecular mechanics of eukaryotic translation","volume":"73","author":"Kapp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2005.10.008","article-title":"Inhibition of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation by the Marine Natural Product Pateamine A","volume":"20","author":"Low","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2838","article-title":"The mechanism of eukaryotic translation initiation and principles of its regulation","volume":"11","author":"Jackson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.042","article-title":"Regulation of translation initiation in eukaryotes: Mechanisms and biological targets","volume":"136","author":"Sonenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"518","article-title":"Bridging IRES elements in mRNAs to the eukaryotic translation apparatus","volume":"1789","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"121","article-title":"Protein synthesis in eukaryotes: The growing biological relevance of cap-independent translation initiation","volume":"38","author":"Rivas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Res"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6186","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr189","article-title":"Activity of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cell cycle-dependent internal ribosomal entry site is modulated by IRES trans-acting factors","volume":"39","author":"Vallejos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acid Res"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn424","article-title":"Development of antiviral agents for enteroviruses","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.0048","article-title":"Structural and functional analysis of the 5\u2032untranslated region of coxsackievirus B3 RNA: In vivo translational and infectivity studies of full-length mutants","volume":"265","author":"Liu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-007-0019-z","article-title":"The substitution U473\u2192C with Sabin3-like mutation within the IRES attenuate coxsackievirus B3 cardiovirulence","volume":"36","author":"Paulous","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2004.08.020","article-title":"Mapping of secondary structure of the spacer region within the 5\u2032-untranslated region of the coxsackievirus B3 RNA: Possible role of an apical GAGA loop in binding La protein and influencing internal initiation of translation","volume":"108","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.032151-0","article-title":"Cryptic AUG is important for 48S ribosomal assembly during internal initiation of translation of coxsackievirus B3 RNA","volume":"92","author":"Verma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0381581","article-title":"The role of IRES trans-acting factors in regulating translation initiation","volume":"38","author":"King","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2007.11.001","article-title":"IRES-mediated pathways to polysomes: Nuclear versus cytoplasmic routes","volume":"16","author":"Semler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.1.115-122.2003","article-title":"Impaired binding of standard initiation factors mediates poliovirus translation attenuation","volume":"77","author":"Ochs","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1588","article-title":"A conserved AUG triplet in the 5\u2032 nontranslated region of poliovirus can function as an initiation codon in vitro and in vivo","volume":"204","author":"Pestova","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355838201001911","article-title":"Construction of regulatable picornavirus IRESes as a test of current models of the mechanism of internal translation initiation","volume":"7","author":"Poyry","year":"2001","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4867","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.9.4867-4873.1991","article-title":"Nucleotide sequences important for translation initiation of enterovirus RNA","volume":"65","author":"Iizuka","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Virol"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1770","article-title":"A Shine-Dalgarno-like sequence mediates in vitro ribosomal internal entry and subsequent scanning for translation initiation of coxsackievirus B3 RNA","volume":"305","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601549","article-title":"HCV and CSFV IRES domain II mediate eIF2 release during 80S ribosome assembly","volume":"26","author":"Locker","year":"2007","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2008.06.004","article-title":"Structure and function of HCV IRES domains","volume":"139","author":"Lukavsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2008.49","article-title":"eIF2- dependent and eIF2-independent modes of initiation on the CSFV IRES: A common role of domain II","volume":"27","author":"Pestova","year":"2008","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1093\/embo-reports\/kve208","article-title":"Irresistible IRES. Attracting the translation machinery to internal ribosome entry sites","volume":"10","author":"Vagner","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.018507-0","article-title":"Polypyrimidine tract binding protein interacts with coxsackievirus B3 RNA and influences its translation","volume":"91","author":"Verma","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.12.038","article-title":"Poly (rC)-binding protein 2 interacts with the oligo (rC) tract of coxsackievirus B3","volume":"366","author":"Zell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5400","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.082102499","article-title":"The caspase-cleaved DAP5 protein supports internal ribosome entry site mediated translation of death proteins","volume":"99","author":"Shani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(89)90261-1","article-title":"New model for the secondary structure of the 5\u2032 non-coding RNA of poliovirus is supported by biochemical and genetic data that also show that RNA secondary structure is important in neurovirulence","volume":"207","author":"Skinner","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90211-T","article-title":"Prokaryotic-like cis elements in the cap independent internal initiation of translation on picornavirus RNA","volume":"68","author":"Pilipenko","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.04.019","article-title":"The structure and function of a cis-acting element located upstream of the IRES that influences Coxsackievirus B3 RNA translation","volume":"377","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4171","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.5.4171-4175.1997","article-title":"Conserved structural motifs located in distal loops of aphthovirus internal ribosome entry site domain 3 are required for internal initiation of translation","volume":"71","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10617","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.21.10617-10626.2002","article-title":"Poliovirus internal ribosome entry segment structure alterations that specifically affect function in neuronal cells: Molecular genetic analysis","volume":"76","author":"Malnou","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.5950603","article-title":"Structural organization of a viral IRES depends on the integrity of the GNRA motif","volume":"9","year":"2003","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.3.2.2990","article-title":"An apical GAGA loop within 5\u2032UTR of the coxsackievirus B3 RNA maintains structural organization of the IRES element required for efficient ribosome entry","volume":"3","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2006","journal-title":"RNA Biol"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(87)90021-2","article-title":"Single-step method of RNA isolation by Acid Guanidium thiocyanate-phenol-Chloroform extraction","volume":"162","author":"Chomczynski","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/14\/3\/4400\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:45:07Z","timestamp":1760219107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/14\/3\/4400"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,25]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms14034400"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms14034400","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,25]]}}}