{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T03:49:51Z","timestamp":1791172191667,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,17]],"date-time":"2013-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The CdTe quantum dots (QDs), graphene nanocomposite (CdTe-G) and dextran\u2013Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles have been synthesized for developing an ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassay for Carcinoembryonic antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) in serums. Firstly, the capture probes (CA 19-9 Ab1\/Fe3O4) for enriching CA 19-9 were synthesized by immobilizing the CA 19-9\u2019s first antibody  (CA 19-9 Ab1) on magnetic nanoparticles (dextran-Fe3O4). Secondly, the signal probes (CA 19-9 Ab2\/CdTe-G), which can emit an ECL signal, were formed by attaching the secondary CA 19-9 antibody (CA 19-9 Ab2) to the surface of the CdTe-G. Thirdly, the above two probes were used for conjugating with a serial of CA 19-9 concentrations. Graphene can immobilize dozens of CdTe QDs on their surface, which can emit stronger ECL intensity than CdTe QDs. Based on the amplified signal, ultrasensitive antigen detection can be realized. Under the optimal conditions, the ECL signal depended linearly on the logarithm of CA 19-9 concentration from 0.005 to 100 pg\/mL, and the detection limit was 0.002 pg\/mL. Finally, five samples of human serum were tested, and the results were compared with a time-resolved fluorescence assay (TRFA). The novel immunoassay provides a stable, specific and highly sensitive immunoassay protocol for tumor marker detection at very low levels, which can be applied in early diagnosis of tumor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140510397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,17]],"date-time":"2013-05-17T12:10:40Z","timestamp":1368792640000},"page":"10397-10411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["An Ultrasensitive Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay for Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 in Serum Based on Antibody Labeled Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as Capture Probes and Graphene\/CdTe Quantum Dot Bionanoconjugates as  Signal Amplifiers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ning","family":"Gan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science,  School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science,  School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science,  School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianhua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science,  School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Nanfang  Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science,  School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianli","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Nanfang  Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062790","article-title":"Mammographic density and the risk and detection of breast cancer","volume":"356","author":"Boyd","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. 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