{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T01:46:38Z","timestamp":1769219198327,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,11]],"date-time":"2013-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1373500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The contribution of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease to human morbidity and mortality has increased in the aging, industrialized world. In response, extraordinary efforts have been launched to determine the molecular and pathophysiological characteristics of the diseased aorta. This work aims to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to limit AAA expansion and, ultimately, rupture. Contributions from multiple research groups have uncovered a complex transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory milieu, which is believed to be essential for maintaining aortic vascular homeostasis. Recently, novel small noncoding RNAs, called microRNAs, have been identified as important transcriptional and post-transcriptional inhibitors of gene expression. MicroRNAs are thought to \u201cfine tune\u201d the translational output of their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) by promoting mRNA degradation or inhibiting translation. With the discovery that microRNAs act as powerful regulators in the context of a wide variety of diseases, it is only logical that microRNAs be thoroughly explored as potential therapeutic entities. This current review summarizes interesting findings regarding the intriguing roles and benefits of microRNA expression modulation during AAA initiation and propagation. These studies utilize disease-relevant murine models, as well as human tissue from patients undergoing surgical aortic aneurysm repair. Furthermore, we critically examine future therapeutic strategies with regard to their clinical and translational feasibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140714374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,11]],"date-time":"2013-07-11T11:50:38Z","timestamp":1373543438000},"page":"14374-14394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Micromanaging Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lars","family":"Maegdefessel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-17176, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Spin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5406, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5406, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Raaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5406, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryuji","family":"Toh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5406, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Futoshi","family":"Nakagami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5406, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Tsao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5406, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000245819.32762.cb","article-title":"Abdominal aortic aneurysm: Pathogenesis and implications for management","volume":"26","author":"Golledge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e318282ab8f","article-title":"Executive summary: Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142013 update: A report from the American Heart Association","volume":"127","author":"Go","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.030379","article-title":"Low prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm among 65-year-old Swedish men indicates a change in the epidemiology of the disease","volume":"124","author":"Svensjo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.03.006","article-title":"Current status of medical management for abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"217","author":"Golledge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"e85","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142006 update: A report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee","volume":"113","author":"Thom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.802074","article-title":"Circulating markers of abdominal aortic aneurysm presence and progression","volume":"118","author":"Golledge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000128522.98016.19","article-title":"Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference: Writing Group V: Medical decision making and therapy","volume":"109","author":"Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcibr0905244","article-title":"Understanding abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"361","author":"Weintraub","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1996.tb33319.x","article-title":"Smoking as a risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"800","author":"Franks","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.671859","article-title":"Abdominal aortic aneurysm: The prognosis in women is worse than in men","volume":"115","author":"Norman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp012641","article-title":"Clinical practice. Small abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"348","author":"Powell","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-012-0271-y","article-title":"Novel mechanisms of abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20120097","article-title":"Involvement of the renin-angiotensin system in abdominal and thoracic aortic aneurysms","volume":"123","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Sci"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000118013.72016.ea","article-title":"Mouse models of abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"24","author":"Daugherty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI62204","article-title":"MicroRNAs, fibrotic remodeling, and aortic aneurysms","volume":"122","author":"Milewicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10145","article-title":"Lessons on the pathogenesis of aneurysm from heritable conditions","volume":"473","author":"Lindsay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2007.6","article-title":"Mutations in smooth muscle alpha-actin (ACTA2) lead to thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections","volume":"39","author":"Guo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Genet"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055695","article-title":"Aneurysm syndromes caused by mutations in the TGF-beta receptor","volume":"355","author":"Loeys","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.248161","article-title":"Exome sequencing identifies SMAD3 mutations as a cause of familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection with intracranial and other arterial aneurysms","volume":"109","author":"Regalado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.744","article-title":"Mutations in SMAD3 cause a syndromic form of aortic aneurysms and dissections with early-onset osteoarthritis","volume":"43","author":"Oldenburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Genet"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.523357","article-title":"Overexpression of transforming growth factor-beta1 stabilizes already-formed aortic aneurysms: A first approach to induction of functional healing by endovascular gene therapy","volume":"112","author":"Dai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.01.004","article-title":"Downregulation of transforming growth factor, beta receptor 2 and Notch signaling pathway in human abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"221","author":"Biros","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.6633","article-title":"Possible association between genetic polymorphisms in transforming growth factor beta receptors, serum transforming growth factor beta1 concentration and abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"96","author":"Golledge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2010.10.006","article-title":"Mutations in myosin light chain kinase cause familial aortic dissections","volume":"87","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1721","article-title":"Mutations in myosin heavy chain 11 cause a syndrome associating thoracic aortic aneurysm\/aortic dissection and patent ductus arteriosus","volume":"38","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Genet"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1510\/icvts.2009.208835","article-title":"Circulating matrix metalloproteinase-9 concentrations and abdominal aortic aneurysm presence: A meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Takagi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.17.1.10","article-title":"Influence of hypercholesterolemia and adventitial inflammation on the development of aortic aneurysm in rabbits","volume":"17","author":"Freestone","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.82.3.973","article-title":"Elastase-induced experimental aneurysms in rats","volume":"82","author":"Anidjar","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000085631.76095.64","article-title":"Aortic dissection precedes formation of aneurysms and atherosclerosis in angiotensin II-infused, apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"23","author":"Saraff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.05.049","article-title":"Prolonged infusion of angiotensin II in apoE(\u2212\/\u2212) mice promotes macrophage recruitment with continued expansion of abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"179","author":"Rateri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20090372","article-title":"Angiotensin II infusion promotes ascending aortic aneurysms: Attenuation by CCR2 deficiency in apoE\u2212\/\u2212 mice","volume":"118","author":"Daugherty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2007.04.017","article-title":"Deletion of CCR2 but not CCR5 or CXCR3 inhibits aortic aneurysm formation","volume":"142","author":"MacTaggart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.238642","article-title":"MyD88 deficiency attenuates angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm formation independent of signaling through Toll-like receptors 2,4","volume":"31","author":"Rateri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI7818","article-title":"Angiotensin II promotes atherosclerotic lesions and aneurysms in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"105","author":"Daugherty","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.200303","article-title":"Deficient CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cell function in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"30","author":"Yin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.517391","article-title":"Neutrophil depletion inhibits experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm formation","volume":"112","author":"Eliason","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.535625","article-title":"L-selectin-mediated neutrophil recruitment in experimental rodent aneurysm formation","volume":"112","author":"Hannawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.11.020","article-title":"The pro-inflammatory and chemotactic cytokine microenvironment of the abdominal aortic aneurysm wall: A protein array study","volume":"45","author":"Middleton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.008","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme is a key mediator of abdominal aortic aneurysm development","volume":"218","author":"Kaneko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20030189","article-title":"Expression and localization of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and its converting enzyme in human abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"106","author":"Satoh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Sci"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.17.11.2843","article-title":"Elevated circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"17","author":"Juvonen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.243592","article-title":"Osteoprotegerin is associated with aneurysm diameter and proteolysis in abdominal aortic aneurysm disease","volume":"32","author":"Koole","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803164","article-title":"Blocking TNF-\u03b1 attenuates aneurysm formation in a murine model","volume":"183","author":"Xiong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2006.09.009","article-title":"The diverse functions of microRNAs in animal development and disease","volume":"11","author":"Kloosterman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.7135204","article-title":"Human microRNAs are processed from capped, polyadenylated transcripts that can also function as mRNAs","volume":"10","author":"Cai","year":"2004","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4622","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl458","article-title":"Characterization of DGCR8\/Pasha, the essential cofactor for Drosha in primary miRNA processing","volume":"34","author":"Yeom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucleic. Acids Res"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2843","article-title":"The widespread regulation of microRNA biogenesis, function and decay","volume":"11","author":"Krol","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2004.02.006","article-title":"MicroRNA precursors in motion: Exportin-5 mediates their nuclear export","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.08.071","article-title":"Small RNA asymmetry in RNAi: Function in RISC assembly and gene Regulation","volume":"579","author":"Hutvagner","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.1409","article-title":"The regulatory activity of microRNA* species has substantial influence on microRNA and 3\u2032 UTR evolution","volume":"15","author":"Okamura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11387","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011387","article-title":"The fate of miRNA* strand through evolutionary analysis: Implication for degradation as merely carrier strand or potential regulatory molecule?","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2012.07.003","article-title":"Passenger strand miRNA miR-31* regulates the phenotypes of oral cancer cells by targeting RhoA","volume":"49","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oral. Oncol"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.2537911","article-title":"Widespread regulatory activity of vertebrate microRNA* species","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5885","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-04-280156","article-title":"miR-155 and its star-form partner miR-155* cooperatively regulate type I interferon production by human plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"116","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1184404","article-title":"Specificity of microRNA target selection in translational repression","volume":"18","author":"Doench","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.12.035","article-title":"Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are microRNA targets","volume":"120","author":"Lewis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2936","article-title":"Gene silencing by microRNAs: Contributions of translational repression and mRNA decay","volume":"12","author":"Huntzinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1115079","article-title":"Inhibition of translational initiation by Let-7 MicroRNA in human cells","volume":"309","author":"Pillai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122r","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003441","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 blocks abdominal aortic aneurysm development and nicotine-augmented expansion","volume":"4","author":"Maegdefessel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22422","article-title":"MicroRNA-26a is a novel regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell function","volume":"226","author":"Leeper","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.255737","article-title":"MicroRNA-29 in aortic dilation: Implications for aneurysm formation","volume":"109","author":"Boon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI61598","article-title":"Inhibition of microRNA-29b reduces murine abdominal aortic aneurysm development","volume":"122","author":"Maegdefessel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.153","article-title":"The knockout of miR-143 and -145 alters smooth muscle cell maintenance and vascular homeostasis in mice: Correlates with human disease","volume":"16","author":"Elia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092222","article-title":"MicroRNAs in cancer","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.2174\/138945010791591403","article-title":"MicroRNA-21: From cancer to cardiovascular disease","volume":"11","author":"Jazbutyte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-010-9169-7","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 in cardiovascular disease","volume":"3","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07086","article-title":"SMAD proteins control DROSHA-mediated microRNA maturation","volume":"454","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.106.141986","article-title":"MicroRNA expression signature and antisense-mediated depletion reveal an essential role of MicroRNA in vascular neointimal lesion formation","volume":"100","author":"Ji","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0b013e3283523e57","article-title":"MicroRNA regulation of smooth muscle gene expression and phenotype","volume":"19","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L861","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00201.2010","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 plays a role in hypoxia-mediated pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration","volume":"299","author":"Sarkar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.229559","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell function via targeting tropomyosin 1 in arteriosclerosis obliterans of lower extremities","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47657","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047657","article-title":"Mechanical stretch modulates MicroRNA 21 expression, participating in proliferation and apoptosis in cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H748","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.3.H748","article-title":"Physiological cyclic stretch causes cell cycle arrest in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"278","author":"Chapman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvr280","article-title":"Mechanical stretch induces the apoptosis regulator PUMA in vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"93","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0150fje","article-title":"Mechanical stress-activated PKCdelta regulates smooth muscle cell migration","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.02.045","article-title":"MiR-21 is induced in endothelial cells by shear stress and modulates apoptosis and eNOS activity","volume":"393","author":"Weber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.112.280016","article-title":"microRNA-10A* and microRNA-21 modulate endothelial progenitor cell senescence via suppressing Hmga2","volume":"112","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18255","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608791103","article-title":"A signature pattern of stress-responsive microRNAs that can evoke cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure","volume":"103","author":"Sutherland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24568","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024568","article-title":"Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) inhibits collagen I and IV synthesis in hepatic stellate cells by miRNA-29 induction","volume":"6","author":"Kwiecinski","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011010055","article-title":"Suppression of microRNA-29 expression by TGF-\u03b21 promotes collagen expression and renal fibrosis","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27443","article-title":"MicroRNA-29, a key regulator of collagen expression in systemic sclerosis","volume":"62","author":"Maurer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.11.056","article-title":"Suppression of type I collagen production by microRNA-29b in cultured human stellate cells","volume":"391","author":"Ogawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI38864","article-title":"Acquisition of the contractile phenotype by murine arterial smooth muscle cells depends on the Mir143\/145 gene cluster","volume":"119","author":"Boettger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.197517","article-title":"MicroRNA-145, a novel smooth muscle cell phenotypic marker and modulator, controls vascular neointimal lesion formation","volume":"105","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08195","article-title":"miR-145 and miR-143 regulate smooth muscle cell fate and plasticity","volume":"460","author":"Cordes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1842409","article-title":"MicroRNAs miR-143 and miR-145 modulate cytoskeletal dynamics and responsiveness of smooth muscle cells to injury","volume":"23","author":"Xin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200912096","article-title":"MicroRNA control of podosome formation in vascular smooth muscle cells in vivo and in vitro","volume":"189","author":"Quintavalle","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2441","article-title":"Atheroprotective communication between endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells through miRNAs","volume":"14","author":"Hergenreider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/352319","article-title":"A systematic review of studies examining inflammation associated cytokines in human abdominal aortic aneurysm samples","volume":"26","author":"Golledge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707493105","article-title":"MicroRNA-126 regulates endothelial expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1","volume":"105","author":"Harris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1630","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00400.2011","article-title":"MicroRNA-126 contributes to renal microvascular heterogeneity of VCAM-1 protein expression in acute inflammation","volume":"302","author":"Kurniati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra81","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2000610","article-title":"Delivery of microRNA-126 by apoptotic bodies induces CXCL12-dependent vascular protection","volume":"2","author":"Zernecke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Signal"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.03.034","article-title":"miR-146a is modulated in human endothelial cell with aging","volume":"217","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2010.172","article-title":"miR-146a and Kruppel-like factor 4 form a feedback loop to participate in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902369","article-title":"Cutting edge: TNF-induced microRNAs regulate TNF-induced expression of E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on human endothelial cells: Feedback control of inflammation","volume":"184","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.12.024","article-title":"Endothelial enriched microRNAs regulate angiotensin II-induced endothelial inflammation and migration","volume":"215","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4190","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI61716","article-title":"MicroRNA-155 promotes atherosclerosis by repressing Bcl6 in macrophages","volume":"122","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35877","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035877","article-title":"Hematopoietic miR155 deficiency enhances atherosclerosis and decreases plaque stability in hyperlipidemic mice","volume":"7","author":"Donners","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8794-5-25","article-title":"MicroRNA expression signature in human abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"5","author":"Pahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Med. Genomics"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09783","article-title":"Pervasive roles of microRNAs in cardiovascular biology","volume":"469","author":"Small","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3864","article-title":"MicroRNA therapeutics for cardiovascular disease: Opportunities and obstacles","volume":"11","author":"Olson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.889048","article-title":"MicroRNAs add a new dimension to cardiovascular disease","volume":"121","author":"Small","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.247916","article-title":"Developing microRNA therapeutics","volume":"110","author":"Purcell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-907X-3-1","article-title":"Inhibition of microRNA function by antimiR oligonucleotides","volume":"3","author":"Stenvang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Silence"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.02.005","article-title":"MicroRNAs in stress signaling and human disease","volume":"148","author":"Mendell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1209026","article-title":"Treatment of HCV infection by targeting microRNA","volume":"368","author":"Janssen","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2009.00744.x","article-title":"MicroRNAs as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases","volume":"13","author":"Mishra","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-11-0152","article-title":"Restitution of tumor suppressor microRNAs using a systemic nanovector inhibits pancreatic cancer growth in mice","volume":"10","author":"Pramanik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2011.48","article-title":"Systemic delivery of tumor suppressor microRNA mimics using a neutral lipid emulsion inhibits lung tumors in mice","volume":"19","author":"Trang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Ther"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2010.08.004","article-title":"Diagnosis and monitoring of abdominal aortic aneurysm: Current status and future prospects","volume":"35","author":"Moxon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq167","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs are new and sensitive biomarkers of myocardial infarction","volume":"31","author":"Devanna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.215566","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"107","author":"Fichtlscherer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.218297","article-title":"MiR423-5p as a circulating biomarker for heart failure","volume":"106","author":"Tijsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.03.056","article-title":"Prospective study on circulating MicroRNAs and risk of myocardial infarction","volume":"60","author":"Zampetaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.04.018","article-title":"Small RNA biomarkers come of age","volume":"60","author":"Engelhardt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1160\/TH12-02-0097","article-title":"Analytical challenges and technical limitations in assessing circulating miRNAs","volume":"108","author":"Zampetaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000745","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.112.000745","article-title":"Tissue- and plasma-specific microRNA signatures for atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"1","author":"Kin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/14\/7\/14374\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:47:53Z","timestamp":1760219273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/14\/7\/14374"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,11]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms140714374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms140714374","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,11]]}}}