{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T01:28:18Z","timestamp":1782955698830,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,30]],"date-time":"2013-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heroin (3,6-diacetylmorphine) has various effects on the central nervous system with several neuropathological alterations including hypoxic-ischemic brain damage from respiratory depressing effects and neuroinflammatory response. Both of these mechanisms induce the release of cytokines, chemokines and other inflammatory mediators by the activation of many cell types such as leucocytes and endothelial and glial cells, especially microglia, the predominant immunocompetent cell type within the central nervous system. The aim of this study is to clarify the correlation between intravenous heroin administration in heroin related death and the neuroinflammatory response. We selected  45 cases among autopsies executed for heroin-related death (358 total cases); immunohistochemical studies and Western blotting analyses were used to investigate the expression of brain markers such as tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, oxygen-regulated  protein 150, (interleukins) IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, cyclooxygenase-2, heat shock protein 70, and CD68 (MAC387). Findings demonstrated that morphine induces inflammatory response and cytokine release. In particular, oxygen-regulated protein 150, cyclooxygenase-2, heat shock protein 70, IL-6 and IL-15 cytokines were over-expressed with different patterns of cellular expression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141019831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,30]],"date-time":"2013-09-30T12:22:30Z","timestamp":1380543750000},"page":"19831-19845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Cytokines, Chaperones and Neuroinflammatory Responses in Heroin-Related Death: What Can We Learn from Different Patterns of Cellular Expression?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Margherita","family":"Neri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo,  Viale degli Aviatori 1, Foggia 71100, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Panata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, Perugia 06100, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Bacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, Perugia 06100, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmela","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo,  Viale degli Aviatori 1, Foggia 71100, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Riezzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo,  Viale degli Aviatori 1, Foggia 71100, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Turillazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo,  Viale degli Aviatori 1, Foggia 71100, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1686-3236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittorio","family":"Fineschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo,  Viale degli Aviatori 1, Foggia 71100, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2010.03728.x","article-title":"The histopathology of drugs of abuse","volume":"59","author":"Milroy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2010.01131.x","article-title":"Review: The neuropathology of drug abuse","volume":"37","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropathol. 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