{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T13:46:48Z","timestamp":1791121608824,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,22]],"date-time":"2014-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Therapeutic modalities targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have been used to treat neovascularization and macular edema. However, anti-VEGF treatment alone may cause up-regulation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in the retina, increasing the risk of fibrosis and tractional retinal detachment. Therefore, in this study, we employ a novel dual-target intervention that involves intravitreal injection of the VEGF inhibitor ranibizumab and a transfection reagent-treated non-viral vector carrying anti-CTGF short hairpin RNA (shRNA) driven by human RNA polymerase III promoter U6. The effects of the dual-target intervention on the expression of VEGF and CTGF and on microvessel ultrastructure were examined in retina of streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. CTGF was significantly up-regulated at week 8 after diabetic induction, whereas VEGF was not up-regulated until week 10. The high expression of both genes was maintained at week 12. Transmission electron microscopy also revealed progressive exacerbation of microvessel ultrastructure during the same period. In addition, ranibizumab significantly lowered VEGF but elevated CTGF mRNA, whereas CTGF shRNA significantly reduced the mRNA levels of both CTGF and VEGF in diabetic retinas. Importantly, dual-target intervention normalized the transcript levels of both target genes and ameliorated  retinal microvessel ultrastructural damage better than either single-target intervention. These results suggest the advantages of dual-target over single-target interventions in diabetic retina and reveal a novel therapeutic modality for diabetic retinopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15011606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,22]],"date-time":"2014-01-22T12:32:23Z","timestamp":1390393943000},"page":"1606-1624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Intravitreal Injection of Ranibizumab and CTGF shRNA Improves Retinal Gene Expression and Microvessel Ultrastructure in a Rodent Model of Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bojie","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital\/Eye Institute, Fukang Rd. 251#, Nankai Dist.,  Tianjin 300384, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital\/Eye Institute, Fukang Rd. 251#, Nankai Dist.,  Tianjin 300384, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital\/Eye Institute, Fukang Rd. 251#, Nankai Dist.,  Tianjin 300384, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital\/Eye Institute, Fukang Rd. 251#, Nankai Dist.,  Tianjin 300384, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital\/Eye Institute, Fukang Rd. 251#, Nankai Dist.,  Tianjin 300384, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital\/Eye Institute, Fukang Rd. 251#, Nankai Dist.,  Tianjin 300384, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital\/Eye Institute, Fukang Rd. 251#, Nankai Dist.,  Tianjin 300384, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1005073","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy","volume":"366","author":"Antonetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. 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