{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T03:12:57Z","timestamp":1784776377461,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,19]],"date-time":"2014-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1392768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We show that, under in vitro conditions, the vulnerability of astroglia to hypoxia is reflected by alterations in endothelin (ET)-1 release and capacity of erythropoietin (EPO) to regulate ET-1 levels. Exposure of cells to 24 h hypoxia did not induce changes in ET-1 release, while 48\u201372 h hypoxia resulted in increase of ET-1 release from astrocytes that could be abolished by EPO. The endothelin receptor type A (ETA) antagonist BQ123 increased extracellular levels of ET-1 in human fetal astroglial cell line (SV-FHAS).  The survival and proliferation of rat primary astrocytes, neural precursors, and neurons upon hypoxic conditions were increased upon administration of BQ123. Hypoxic injury and aging affected the interaction between the EPO and ET systems. Under hypoxia EPO decreased ET-1 release from astrocytes, while ETA receptor blockade enhanced the expression of EPO mRNA and EPO receptor in culture-aged rat astroglia. The blockade of ETA receptor can increase the availability of ET-1 to the ETB receptor and can potentiate the neuroprotective effects of EPO. Thus, the new therapeutic use of combined administration of EPO and ETA receptor antagonists during hypoxia-associated neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) can be suggested.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15022858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,19]],"date-time":"2014-02-19T11:10:21Z","timestamp":1392808221000},"page":"2858-2875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Interplay between Endothelin and Erythropoietin in Astroglia: The Role in Protection against Hypoxia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg-Hesse gGmbH, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-University Hospital, Sandhofstrasse 1, Frankfurt\/Main D-60528, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine (IKET),  University Hospital of Tuebingen, Otfried-M\u00fcller-Strasse 4\/1, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinhild","family":"Buecheler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Proksch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Schwab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany"},{"name":"Dr. Margarete-Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstrasse 112,  Stuttgart D-70375, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Gleiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lusine","family":"Danielyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/332411a0","article-title":"A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells","volume":"32","author":"Yanagisawa","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0676.1998.tb00125.x","article-title":"An endothelin receptor antagonist TAK-044 ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury and portal hypertension in rats","volume":"18","author":"Gandhi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(05)81197-0","article-title":"cDNA cloning, sequence analysis and tissue distribution of rat preproendothelin-1 mRNA","volume":"175","author":"Sakurai","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114477","article-title":"Release of from the porcine aorta. Inhibition by endotheliumderived nitric oxide","volume":"85","author":"Boulanger","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3185","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.8.3185","article-title":"Cloning and functional expression of a vascular smooth muscle endothelin 1 receptor","volume":"88","author":"Lin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1993.73.2.375","article-title":"Endothelins: Multifunctional renal peptides","volume":"73","author":"Simonson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(94)90071-X","article-title":"Dilatation of cerebral microvessels mediated by endothelin ETB receptor and nitric oxide in cats","volume":"176","author":"Kobari","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-091486","article-title":"Endothelin-1 is elevated in Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain microvessels and is neuroprotective","volume":"21","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1373","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.2001.281.4.C1373","article-title":"Sequential and opposite regulation of two outward K+ currents by ET-1 in cultured striatal astrocytes","volume":"281","author":"Bychkov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199603)16:3<187::AID-GLIA1>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Endothelin-1 regulates glucose utilization in cultured astrocytes by controlling intercellular communication through gap junctions","volume":"16","author":"Taberner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1495","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.2001.281.5.C1495","article-title":"Endothelin-1 decreases glutamate uptake in primary cultured rat astrocytes","volume":"281","author":"Leonova","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1997.68052194.x","article-title":"Endothelin evokes efflux of glutamate in cultures of rat astrocytes","volume":"68","author":"Sasaki","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurochem"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C616","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1999.277.4.C616","article-title":"Distinct pharmacological properties of ET-1 and ET-3 on astroglial gap junctions and Ca2+ signaling","volume":"277","author":"Blomstrand","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1992.tb00198.x","article-title":"Endothelins inhibit junctional permeability in cultured mouse astrocytes","volume":"4","author":"Giaume","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-06-01981.1997","article-title":"Mechanism involved in initiation and propagation of receptor-induced intercellular calcium signaling in cultured rat astrocytes","volume":"17","author":"Venance","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"135","article-title":"Selective autoregulation of endothelins in primary astrocyte cultures: Endothelin receptor-mediated potentiation of endothelin-1 secretion","volume":"3","author":"Ehrenreich","year":"1991","journal-title":"New Biol"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)91374-2","article-title":"Thrombin is a regulator of astrocytic endothelin-1","volume":"600","author":"Ehrenreich","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1339","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00227.2003","article-title":"ET-1 induces cortical spreading depression via activation of the ETA receptor\/phospholipase C pathway in vivo","volume":"286","author":"Kleeberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"49","article-title":"A new model of focal brain ischemia based on the intracerebral injection of endothelin-1","volume":"12","author":"Agnati","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ital. J. Neurol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1997.6635","article-title":"Influence of ischemia and reperfusion on the course of brain tissue swelling and blood-brain barrier permeability in a rodent model of transient focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"147","author":"Gartshore","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00817-8","article-title":"Involvement of the endothelin receptor subtype A in neuronal pathogenesis after traumatic brain injury","volume":"809","author":"Sato","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(99)00507-2","article-title":"Endothelin B receptor deficiency is associated with an increased rate of neuronal apoptosis in the dentate gyrus","volume":"95","author":"Ehrenreich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199412000-00062","article-title":"ETB receptor involvement in stimulatory and neurotoxic action of endothelin on dopamine neurones","volume":"5","author":"Kohzuma","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)02951-7","article-title":"Effects of endothelin B receptor agonists on amyloid b protein 25\u201335-induced neuronal cell death","volume":"948","author":"Yagami","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/41.3.8429197","article-title":"Co-localization of erythropoietin mRNA and ecto-5\u2032-nucleotidase immunoreactivity in peritubular cells of rat renal cortex indicates that fibroblasts produce erythropoietin","volume":"41","author":"Bachmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010000297","article-title":"Erythropoietin and erythropoietin receptor in human ischemic\/hypoxic brain","volume":"101","author":"Siren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.)"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200404090-00004","article-title":"Erythropoietin protects cerebrocortical neurons from HIV-1\/gp120-induced damage","volume":"15","author":"Digicaylioglu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S181","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401504","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects and intracellular signaling pathways of erythropoietin in a rat model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Sattler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2174\/156720205774962683","article-title":"Erythropoietin requires NF-\u03baB and its nuclear translocation to prevent early and late apoptotic neuronal injury during beta-amyloid toxicity","volume":"2","author":"Chong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Neurovasc. Res"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2005.07.001","article-title":"Similar protective effects of BQ123 and erythropoietin on survival of neural cells and generation of neurons upon hypoxic injury","volume":"84","author":"Danielyan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2008.40","article-title":"Combined therapeutic strategy using erythropoietin and mesenchymal stem cells potentiates neurogenesis after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"28","author":"Esneault","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.95","article-title":"Survival, neuron-like differentiation and functionality of mesenchymal stem cells in neurotoxic environment: The critical role of erythropoietin","volume":"16","author":"Danielyan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2004.12.030","article-title":"The blockade of endothelin A receptor protects astrocytes against hypoxic injury: Common effects of BQ123 and erythropoietin on the rejuvenation of the astrocyte population","volume":"84","author":"Danielyan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44S","DOI":"10.1042\/CS103S044S","article-title":"Pattern of prepro-endothelin-1 expression revealed by reporter-gene activity in kidneys of erythropoietin-overexpressing mice","volume":"103","author":"Slowinski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0296fje","article-title":"Erythropoietin-induced excessive erythrocytosis activates the tissue endothelin system in mice","volume":"17","author":"Quaschning","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00829.2001","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced pulmonary endothelin-1 expression is unaltered by nitric oxide","volume":"92","author":"Earley","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02191907","article-title":"Influence of hypoxia on hepatic and renal endothelin gene expression","volume":"431","author":"Ritthaler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L278","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00111.2006","article-title":"Endothelin-1 induces hypertrophy and inhibits apoptosis in human airway smooth muscle cells","volume":"292","author":"McWhinnie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1291","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00181.2007","article-title":"Angiotensin II and endothelin-1 augment the vascular complications of diabetes via JAK2 activation","volume":"293","author":"Ketsawatsomkron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-004-0508-1","article-title":"Erythropoietin protects the infant heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury by triggering multiple signaling pathways","volume":"100","author":"Rafiee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11373-004-8168-6","article-title":"Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in reactive oxygen species-mediated endothelin-1-induced \u03b2-myosin heavy chain gene expression and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1159\/000105473","article-title":"Erythropoietin enhances long-term neuroprotection and neurogenesis in neonatal stroke","volume":"29","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)03239-0","article-title":"Erythropoietin exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on the CNS in a model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"952","author":"Agnello","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm203","article-title":"Exploring recombinant human erythropoietin in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"130","author":"Ehrenreich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.02.004","article-title":"Intrastriatal administration of erythropoietin protects dopaminergic neurons and improves neurobehavioral outcome in a rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"146","author":"Xue","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2011.10.001","article-title":"Lesion size and behavioral deficits afterendothelin-1-induced ischemia are not dependent on time of day","volume":"22","author":"Rakai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.99-1022com","article-title":"Endothelin-1 protects astrocytes from hypoxic\/ischemic injury","volume":"15","author":"Ho","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.740603.x","article-title":"Stimulation of endothelin B receptor modulates the inflammatory activation of rat astrocytes","volume":"74","author":"Morga","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurochem"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2005.25.297","article-title":"Review: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1): A novel transcription factor in immune reactions","volume":"25","author":"Stiehl","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Interf. Cytokine Res"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2304fje","article-title":"Physiological activation of hypoxia inducible factor-1 in human skeletal muscle","volume":"19","author":"Ameln","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.04.073","article-title":"Hypoxia augments TNF-\u03b1-mediated endothelin-1 release and cell proliferation in human optic nerve head astrocytes","volume":"318","author":"Desai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-007-9337-6","article-title":"Angiotensin receptor type 1 blockade in astroglia decreases hypoxia-induced cell damage and TNF \u03b1 release","volume":"32","author":"Danielyan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6997","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.12.6997","article-title":"Endothelin receptor subtype B mediates autoinduction of endothelin-1 in rat mesangial cells","volume":"270","author":"Iwasaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0524","article-title":"Role of protein kinase C in the expression of endothelin converting enzyme-1","volume":"150","author":"Khamaisi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09423-9","article-title":"Endothelin antagonists","volume":"353","author":"Benigni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00272609","article-title":"Immunocytochemical localization of endotheIin in cultured bovine endothelial cells","volume":"94","author":"Nakamura","year":"1990","journal-title":"Histochentistry"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.132.2.8425473","article-title":"Colocalization of immunoreactive endothelin-1 and neurohypophysial hormones in the axons of the neural lobe of the rat pituitary","volume":"132","author":"Nakamura","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90662-X","article-title":"CNS stem cells express a new class of intermediate filament protein","volume":"60","author":"Lendahl","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77182","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077182","article-title":"Age-dependent astroglial vulnerability to hypoxia and glutamate: The role for erythropoietin","volume":"8","author":"Lourhmati","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03402029","article-title":"Erythropoietin therapy for acute stroke is both safe and beneficial","volume":"8","author":"Ehrenreich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Med"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/15\/2\/2858\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:08:18Z","timestamp":1760216898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/15\/2\/2858"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,19]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms15022858"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms15022858","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,19]]}}}