{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:49:29Z","timestamp":1779238169449,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,11]],"date-time":"2014-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1394496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Variations in genes involved in DNA repair systems have been proposed as risk factors for the development of preeclampsia (PE). We conducted a case-control study to investigate the association of Human apurinic\/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease (APEX1) Asp148Glu (rs1130409), Xeroderma Pigmentosum group D (XPD) Lys751Gln (rs13181), X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC) Arg399Gln (rs25487) and X-ray repair cross-complementing group 3 (XRCC3) Thr241Met (rs861539) polymorphisms with PE in a Mexican population. Samples of 202 cases and 350 controls were genotyped using RTPCR. Association analyses based on a \u03c72 test and binary logistic regression were performed to determine the odds ratio (OR) and a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for each polymorphism. The allelic frequencies of APEX1 Asp148Glu polymorphism showed statistical significant differences between preeclamptic and normal women (p = 0.036). Although neither of the polymorphisms proved to be a risk factor for the disease, the APEX1 Asp148Glu polymorphism showed a tendency of association (OR: 1.74,  95% CI = 0.96\u20133.14) and a significant trend (p for trend = 0.048). A subgroup analyses revealed differences in the allelic frequencies of APEX1 Asp148Glu polymorphism between women with mild preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia (p = 0.035). In conclusion, our results reveal no association between XPD Lys751Gln, XRCC Arg399Gln and XRCC3 Thr241Met polymorphisms and the risk of PE in a Mexican mestizo population; however, the results in the APEX1 Asp148Glu polymorphism suggest the need for future studies using a larger sample size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15034273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,11]],"date-time":"2014-03-11T12:09:38Z","timestamp":1394539778000},"page":"4273-4283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Polymorphisms in DNA Repair Genes (APEX1, XPD,  XRCC1 and XRCC3) and Risk of Preeclampsia in a  Mexican Mestizo Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ada","family":"Sandoval-Carrillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Research, Juarez University of Durango State, 34000 Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edna","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juarez University of Durango State, 34000 Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7904-385X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Vazquez-Alaniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital of Durango, Secretary of Health, Durango, 34000 Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marisela","family":"Aguilar-Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Research, Juarez University of Durango State, 34000 Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"T\u00e9llez-Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juarez University of Durango State, 34000 Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Barraza-Salas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juarez University of Durango State, 34000 Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Castellanos-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Research, Juarez University of Durango State, 34000 Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osmel","family":"Llave-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Research, Juarez University of Durango State, 34000 Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Salas-Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Research, Juarez University of Durango State, 34000 Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2013.07.007","article-title":"Haplotype analysis of TGF-\u03b21 gene in a preeclamptic population of northern Mexico","volume":"4","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens.: Int. J. Women\u2019s Cardiovasc. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2007). Technical Guidelines for Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of Preeclampsia\/Eclampsia, Secretary of Health, M\u00e9xico Government."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17987-2","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia","volume":"365","author":"Sibai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"110","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity in complicated pregnancies","volume":"36","author":"Patil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-010-1538-6","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia","volume":"282","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4004(98)90018-2","article-title":"Placental mitochondria as a source of oxidative stress in pre-eclampsia","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-008-9739-z","article-title":"Alterations in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in pregnancy with preeclampsia","volume":"313","author":"Kaur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4004(96)90021-1","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies","volume":"17","author":"Poranen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.037","article-title":"A role for menstruation in preconditioning the uterus for successful pregnancy","volume":"200","author":"Brosens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.07.001","article-title":"Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease","volume":"39","author":"Valko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2006.10.011","article-title":"Oxidative DNA damage repair in mammalian cells: A new perspective","volume":"6","author":"Hazra","year":"2007","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"604","article-title":"Nonconservative amino acid substitution variants exist at polymorphic frequency in DNA repair genes in healthy humans","volume":"58","author":"Shen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2003.12.016","article-title":"Many amino acid substitution variants identified in DNA repair genes during human population screenings are predicted to impact protein function","volume":"83","author":"Xi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5907","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.21.5907","article-title":"Two distinct human DNA diesterases that hydrolyze 3\u2032-blocking deoxyribose fragments from oxidized DNA","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.63.070194.004411","article-title":"Repair of oxidative damage to DNA: Enzymology and biology","volume":"63","author":"Demple","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/22.6.917","article-title":"Amino acid substitution variants of APE1 and XRCC1 genes associated with ionizing radiation sensitivity","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)00042-X","article-title":"Association between polymorphisms in the DNA repair genes XRCC1 and APE1 and the risk of prostate cancer in white and black Americans","volume":"175","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"824","article-title":"Elevated and altered expression of the multifunctional DNA base excision repair and redox enzyme Ape1\/ref-1 in prostate cancer","volume":"7","author":"Kelley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res.: Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.859501","article-title":"The xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD) gene: One gene two functions three diseases","volume":"15","author":"Lehmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/23.4.599","article-title":"The XPD variant alleles are associated with increased aromatic DNA adduct level and lung cancer risk","volume":"23","author":"Hou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/22.9.1437","article-title":"XRCC1, XRCC3, XPD gene polymorphisms, smoking and (32)P-DNA adducts in a sample of healthy subjects","volume":"22","author":"Matullo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.1433","article-title":"DNA adduct levels and DNA repair polymorphisms in traffic-exposed workers and a general population sample","volume":"94","author":"Palli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1354","article-title":"Modulation of nucleotide excision repair capacity by XPD polymorphisms in lung cancer patients","volume":"61","author":"Spitz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7376","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205799","article-title":"DNA adduct burden and tobacco carcinogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Wiencke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019693504183","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the DNA repair enzyme XPD are associated with increased levels of PAH-DNA adducts in a case-control study of breast cancer","volume":"75","author":"Tang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10463","article-title":"Effect of DNA repair gene polymorphisms on BPDE-DNA adducts in human lymphocytes","volume":"100","author":"Pastorelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6662","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb01056.x","article-title":"Reconstitution of DNA base excision-repair with purified human proteins: Interaction between DNA polymerase beta and the XRCC1 protein","volume":"15","author":"Kubota","year":"1996","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8777(99)00058-0","article-title":"XRCC1 keeps DNA from getting stranded","volume":"459","author":"Thompson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-7864(03)00118-6","article-title":"XRCC1 and DNA strand break repair","volume":"2","author":"Caldecott","year":"2003","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/21.5.965","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the DNA repair genes XRCC1 and ERCC2 and biomarkers of DNA damage in human blood mononuclear cells","volume":"21","author":"Duell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(02)00030-1","article-title":"Polymorphisms of the DNA repair gene XRCC1 and the frequency of somatic mutations at the glycophorin A locus in newborns","volume":"502","author":"Relton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8777(99)00010-5","article-title":"The XRCC2 and XRCC3 repair genes are required for chromosome stability in mammalian cells","volume":"434","author":"Cui","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/35036399","article-title":"Mammalian recombination-repair genes XRCC2 and XRCC3 promote correct chromosome segregation","volume":"2","author":"Griffin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8777(00)00002-1","article-title":"XRCC3 is required for efficient repair of chromosome breaks by homologous recombination","volume":"459","author":"Brenneman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2010.10.100","article-title":"DNA repair gene polymorphisms at XRCC1 XRCC3 XPD and OGG1 loci in Maharashtrian population of central India","volume":"82","author":"Pramanik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.1228","article-title":"DNA repair gene polymorphisms bulky DNA adducts in white blood cells and bladder cancer in a case-control study","volume":"92","author":"Matullo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-012-2471-7","article-title":"Association between polymorphisms in DNA repair genes (XRCC1 and XRCC7) and risk of preeclampsia","volume":"286","author":"Saadat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2009.06.007","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair gene APE1 XRCC1 and XPD and the risk of pre-eclampsia","volume":"146","author":"Vural","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2013.784355","article-title":"Genetic variation in oxidative stress and DNA repair genes in a Mexican population","volume":"40","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86791","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086791","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro evidence for placental DNA damage in preeclampsia","volume":"9","author":"Tadesse","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.01266.x","article-title":"Overexpression of enzymes that repair endogenous damage to DNA","volume":"267","author":"Frosina","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-011-0786-5","article-title":"Oxidative stress and eNOS (Glu298Asp) gene polymorphism in preeclampsia in Indian population","volume":"353","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2008.10.014","article-title":"Association of extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3) Ala40Thr gene polymorphism with pre-eclampsia complicated by severe fetal growth restriction","volume":"142","author":"Rosta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandoval-Carrillo, A., Aguilar-Duran, M., V\u00e1zquez-Alaniz, F., Castellanos-Ju\u00e1rez, F.X., Barraza-Salas, M., Sierra-Campos, E., T\u00e9llez-Valencia, A., la Llave-Le\u00f3n, O., and Salas-Pacheco, J.M. (2014). Polymorphisms in GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes are associated to increased risk of preeclampsia in Mexican mestizo population. Genet. Mol. Res., 13, (AOP).","DOI":"10.4238\/2014.January.17.3"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8611","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903045106","article-title":"Analysis of genomic diversity in Mexican Mestizo populations to develop genomic medicine in Mexico","volume":"106","author":"Contreras","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/15\/3\/4273\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:09:06Z","timestamp":1760216946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/15\/3\/4273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,11]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms15034273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms15034273","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,11]]}}}