{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:04:27Z","timestamp":1791295467630,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":199,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]],"date-time":"2014-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global health problem affecting more than  170 million people. A chronic HCV infection is associated with liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. To enable viral persistence, HCV has developed mechanisms to modulate both innate and adaptive immunity. The recruitment of antiviral immune cells in the liver is mainly dependent on the release of specific chemokines. Thus, the modulation of their expression could represent an efficient viral escape mechanism to hamper specific immune cell migration to the liver during the acute phase of the infection. HCV-mediated changes in hepatic immune cell chemotaxis during the chronic phase of the infection are significantly affecting antiviral immunity and tissue damage and thus influence survival of both the host and the virus. This review summarizes our current understanding of the HCV-mediated modulation of chemokine expression and of its impact on the development of liver disease. A profound knowledge of the strategies used by HCV to interfere with the host\u2019s immune response and the pro-fibrotic and pro-carcinogenic activities of HCV is essential to be able to design effective immunotherapies against HCV and HCV-mediated liver diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15034747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]],"date-time":"2014-03-18T13:10:12Z","timestamp":1395148212000},"page":"4747-4779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Role of Chemokines in Hepatitis C Virus-Mediated  Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anette","family":"Brass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erwin","family":"Brennd\u00f6rfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2008.01934.x","article-title":"The global burden of hepatitis C","volume":"29","author":"Lavanchy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03432.x","article-title":"Evolving epidemiology of hepatitis C virus","volume":"17","author":"Lavanchy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. 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