{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T07:04:59Z","timestamp":1761807899511,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,10]],"date-time":"2014-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1402358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of the present study was to fabricate fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2-apatite composite layers on titanium (Ti) pins in one step at 25 \u00b0C using a supersaturated calcium phosphate (CaP) solution, and to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and biological effects of the coated Ti pins compared with coated Ti pins fabricated at 37 \u00b0C. Ti pins were immersed in a supersaturated CaP solution containing 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 \u00b5g\/mL FGF-2 at 25 \u00b0C for 24 h (25F0.5, 25F1.0, and 25F2.0) or containing  4.0 \u00b5g\/mL FGF-2 at 37 \u00b0C for 48 h (37F4.0). Except for the 25F0.5, the chemical compositions and the mitogenic activity levels of FGF-2 of the composite layers formed by these two methods were similar, except for the Ca\/P molar ratio, which was markedly smaller at 25 \u00b0C (1.55\u20131.56 \u00b1 0.01\u20130.02, p = 0.0008\u20130.0045) than at 37 \u00b0C (1.67 \u00b1 0.11). Thus, either the apatite was less mature or the amount of amorphous calcium phosphate was higher in the composite layer formed at 25 \u00b0C. In vivo, the pin tract infection rate by visual inspection for 37F4.0 (45%) was lower than that for 25F1.0 (80%, p = 0.0213), and the rate of osteomyelitis for 37F4.0 (35%) was lower than that for 25F0.5 (75%, p = 0.0341). The extraction torque for 37F4.0 (0.276 \u00b1 0.117 Nm) was higher than that for 25F0.5  (0.192 \u00b1 0.117 Nm, p = 0.0142) and that for 25F1.0 (0.176 \u00b1 0.133 Nm, p = 0.0079). The invasion rate of S. aureus for 37F4.0 (35%) was lower than that for 25F0.5 (75%,  p = 0.0110). On the whole, the FGF-2-apatite composite layer formed at 25 \u00b0C tended to be less effective at improving fixation strength in the bone-pin interface and resisting pin tract infections. These results suggest that the chemistry of the calcium phosphate matrix that embeds FGF-2, in addition to FGF-2 content and activity, has a significant impact on composite infection resistance and fixation strength.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150610252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,10]],"date-time":"2014-06-10T11:50:51Z","timestamp":1402401051000},"page":"10252-10270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Calcium Phosphate Matrix of FGF-2-Apatite Composite Layers Contributes to Their Biological Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hirotaka","family":"Mutsuzaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 4669-2 Ami Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0394, Japan"},{"name":"Human Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atsuo","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Sogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masataka","family":"Sakane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba,  Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayako","family":"Oyane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanosystem Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba,  Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"305","article-title":"Factors in pin tract infections","volume":"14","author":"Mahan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1054\/joon.2000.0067","article-title":"External fixation\u2014The incidence of pin site infection: Aprospective audit","volume":"4","author":"Sims","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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