{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T22:32:32Z","timestamp":1789857152588,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,25]],"date-time":"2014-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1408924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The photosensitizers Rose Bengal (RB) and methylene blue (MB), when immobilized in polystyrene, were found to exhibit high antibacterial activity in a continuous regime. The photosensitizers were immobilized by dissolution in chloroform, together with polystyrene, with further evaporation of the solvent, yielding thin polymeric films. Shallow reservoirs, bottom-covered with these films, were used for constructing continuous-flow photoreactors for the eradication of Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative Escherichia coli and wastewater bacteria under illumination with visible white light using a luminescent lamp at a 1.8 mW\u00b7cm\u22122 fluence rate. The bacterial concentration decreased by two to five orders of magnitude in separate reactors with either immobilized RB or MB,  as well as in three reactors connected in series, which contained one of the photosensitizers. Bacterial eradication reached more than five orders of magnitude in two reactors connected in series, where the first reactor contained immobilized RB and the second contained immobilized MB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150914984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,25]],"date-time":"2014-08-25T11:58:03Z","timestamp":1408967883000},"page":"14984-14996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Polymer-Immobilized Photosensitizers for Continuous Eradication of Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anton","family":"Valkov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8973-1322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faina","family":"Nakonechny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8493-713X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Nisnevitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L., and Stensel, H.D. 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