{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T02:25:15Z","timestamp":1789698315617,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,13]],"date-time":"2014-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biomass plays an important role as an energy source, being an interesting alternative to fossil fuels due to its environment-friendly and sustainable characteristics. However, due to the exposure of customers to emissions during biomass heating, evolved pollutants should be taken into account and controlled. Changing raw materials or mixing them with another less pollutant biomass could be a suitable step to reduce pollution. This work studied the thermal behaviour of olive pomace, pyrenean oak and their blends under combustion using thermogravimetric analysis. It was possible to monitor the emissions released during the process by coupling mass spectrometry analysis. The experiments were carried out under non-isothermal conditions at the temperature range 25\u2013750 \u00b0C and a heating rate of 20 \u00b0C\u00b7min\u22121. The following species were analysed: aromatic compounds (benzene and toluene), sulphur emissions (sulphur dioxide), 1,4-dioxin, hydrochloric acid, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The results indicated that pollutants were mainly evolved in two different stages, which are related to the thermal degradation steps. Thus, depending on the pollutant and raw material composition, different emission profiles were observed. Furthermore, intensity of the emission profiles was related, in some cases, to the composition of the precursor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151018349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T02:13:08Z","timestamp":1413252788000},"page":"18349-18361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Control of Several Emissions during Olive Pomace  Thermal Degradation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Energetic and Materials Engineering, Industrial Engineering School, University of Extremadura, Avda Elvas s\/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Nogales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Energetic and Materials Engineering, Industrial Engineering School, University of Extremadura, Avda Elvas s\/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8851-2710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, Industrial Engineering School, University of Extremadura,  Avda Elvas s\/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4002-9935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Energetic and Materials Engineering, Industrial Engineering School, University of Extremadura, Avda Elvas s\/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4482-5875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Arranz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Energetic and Materials Engineering, Industrial Engineering School, University of Extremadura, Avda Elvas s\/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6054-5614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Sep\u00falveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Energetic and Materials Engineering, Industrial Engineering School, University of Extremadura, Avda Elvas s\/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9071188","article-title":"Towards sustainable production of biofuels from microalgae","volume":"9","author":"Patil","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.04.041","article-title":"Assessment and optimization of forest biomass supply chains from economic, social and environmental perspectives\u2014A review of literature","volume":"36","author":"Cambero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.06.079","article-title":"Biohydrogen production from microalgal biomass: Energy requirement, CO2 emissions and scale-up scenarios","volume":"144","author":"Ferreira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biorecour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2012.09.020","article-title":"Combustion and emission characteristics of a domestic boiler fired with pellets of pine, industrial wood wastes and peach stones","volume":"51","author":"Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9040512","article-title":"Combustion analysis of different olive residues","volume":"9","author":"Miranda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11072701","article-title":"Biomass thermogravimetric analysis: Uncertainty determination methodology and sampling maps generation","volume":"11","author":"Granada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.05.062","article-title":"Relation of chlorine, copper and sulphur to dioxin emission factors","volume":"151","author":"Thomas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2014.04.060","article-title":"Comparative study for hardwood and softwood forest biomass: Chemical characterization, combustion phases and gas and particulate matter emissions","volume":"164","author":"Amaral","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.05.016","article-title":"Novel application of a combustion chamber for experimental assessment of biomass burning emission","volume":"94","author":"Lusini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2004.12.004","article-title":"Influence of operating conditions and the role of sulfur in the formation of aerosols from biomass combustion","volume":"140","author":"Ballester","year":"2005","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-2619(98)00020-8","article-title":"Formation of dioxins and other volatile organic compounds in biomass combustion","volume":"60","author":"Chagger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2011.10.001","article-title":"Pollutants from the combustion of solid biomass fuels","volume":"38","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Progr. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2011.10.016","article-title":"Characterization and combustion of olive pomace and forest residue pellets","volume":"103","author":"Miranda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6031(98)00496-1","article-title":"Performance evaluation of a TG\/MS system","volume":"322","author":"Statheropoulos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.03.003","article-title":"Influence of specimen size, tray inclination and air flow rate on the emission of gases from biomass combustion","volume":"74","author":"Amorim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.05.099","article-title":"Cleaner co-combustion of lignite-biomass-waste blends by utilising inhibiting compounds of toxic emissions","volume":"67","author":"Skodras","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2008.12.015","article-title":"Thermogravimetric study of interactions in the combustion of blends of coal with radiata pine sawdust","volume":"90","author":"Ulloa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.01.059","article-title":"Investigation on thermochemical behaviour of low rank Malaysian coal, oil palm biomass and their blends during pyrolysis via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)","volume":"101","author":"Ismail","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2014.05.013","article-title":"Assessment of pollution levels resulting from biomass gasification","volume":"2","author":"Menya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2009.09.014","article-title":"Effect of cellulose, lignin, alkali and alkaline earth metallic species on biomass pyrolysis and gasification","volume":"91","author":"Lv","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0961-9534(02)00012-0","article-title":"Analysis of the co-combustion of sewage sludge and coal by TG\u2013MS","volume":"22","author":"Otero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2006.07.006","article-title":"Influence of mineral matter on pyrolysis of palm oil wastes","volume":"146","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2014.03.007","article-title":"Characterization of lignocellulosic biomass thermal degradation and physiochemical structure: Effects of demineralization by diverse acid solutions","volume":"82","author":"Asadieraghi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2009.05.015","article-title":"Energetic characterization of densified residues from Pyrenean oak forest","volume":"88","author":"Miranda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2006.02.017","article-title":"Effect of cellulose and lignin content on pyrolysis and combustion characteristics for several types of biomass","volume":"32","author":"Gani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2004). Biomass Standards. Technical Specifications CEN\/TS-Solid Biofuels, European Committee for Standardization. CEN\/TS 335."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2005). Biocombustibles s\u00f3lidos. M\u00e9todo para la determinaci\u00f3n del poder calor\u00edfico, AENOR. Une 164001 EX."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/15\/10\/18349\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:16:48Z","timestamp":1760217408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/15\/10\/18349"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,13]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms151018349"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms151018349","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,13]]}}}