{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:17:25Z","timestamp":1790651845751,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,16]],"date-time":"2014-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The relationship between heart failure (HF), sleep-disordered breathing and cardiac arrhythmias is complex and poorly understood. Whereas the frequency of predominantly obstructive sleep apnea in HF patients is low and similar or moderately higher to that observed in the general population, central sleep apnea (CSA) has been observed in approximately 50% of HF patients, depending on the methods used to detect CSA and patient selection. Despite this high prevalence, it is still unclear whether CSA is merely a marker or an independent risk factor for an adverse prognosis in HF patients and whether CSA is associated with an increased risk for supraventricular as well as ventricular arrhythmias in HF patients. The current review focuses on the relationship between CSA and atrial fibrillation as the most common atrial arrhythmia in HF patients, and on the relationship between CSA and ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation as the most frequent cause of sudden cardiac death in HF patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151018693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,16]],"date-time":"2014-10-16T10:34:40Z","timestamp":1413455680000},"page":"18693-18705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Cardiac Arrhythmias and Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Patients with Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wolfram","family":"Grimm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Marburg and Gie\u00dfen,  Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg 35033, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Koehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorder Unit of the Department of Pneumology, University Hospital of Marburg and Gie\u00dfen, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg 35033, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.4.9903020","article-title":"Risk factors for central and obstructive sleep apnea in 450 men and women with congestive heart failure","volume":"160","author":"Sin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. 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