{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T08:02:26Z","timestamp":1789977746725,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b21, a cytokine that can be expressed in the brain, is a key regulator of the brain\u2019s responses to injury and inflammation. Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder, involves inflammatory processes in the brain in addition to the hallmarks, amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Recently, we have shown that T-helper (Th) 17 cells, a subpopulation of CD4+ T-cells with high proinflammation, also participate in the brain inflammatory process of AD. However, it is poorly known whether TGF-\u03b21 ameliorates the  lymphocyte-mediated neuroinflammation and, thereby, alleviates neurodegeneration in AD. Herein, we administered TGF-\u03b21 via the intracerebroventricle (ICV) in AD model rats,  by A\u03b21\u201342 injection in both sides of the hippocampus, to show the neuroprotection of  TGF-\u03b21. The TGF-\u03b21 administration after the A\u03b21\u201342 injection ameliorated cognitive deficit and neuronal loss and apoptosis, reduced amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression, elevated protein phosphatase (PP)2A expression, attenuated glial activation and alleviated the imbalance of the pro-inflammatory\/anti-inflammatory responses of T-lymphocytes, compared to the A\u03b21\u201342 injection alone. These findings demonstrate that TGF-\u03b21 provides protection against AD neurodegeneration and suggest that the TGF-\u03b21 neuroprotection is implemented by the alleviation of glial and T-cell-mediated neuroinflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151222092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]],"date-time":"2014-12-02T02:07:08Z","timestamp":1417486028000},"page":"22092-22108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["TGF-\u03b21 Protection against A\u03b21\u201342-Induced Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wei-Xing","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological & Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road,  Suzhou 215123, China"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road,  Nantong 226001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road,  Nantong 226001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Hua","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road,  Nantong 226001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ping","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road,  Nantong 226001, China"},{"name":"Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road,  Nantong 226001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Hua","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road,  Nantong 226001, China"},{"name":"Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road,  Nantong 226001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46731","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046731","article-title":"Time course, distribution and cell types of induction of transforming growth factor betas following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat brain","volume":"7","author":"Vincze","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1038\/87945","article-title":"TGF-beta1 promotes microglial amyloid-beta clearance and reduces plaque burden in transgenic mice","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. 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