{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:02:54Z","timestamp":1791295374743,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,10]],"date-time":"2014-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1418169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"NIDDK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01DK102624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01DK102624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14GRNT20380289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14GRNT20380289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10SDG3900029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10SDG3900029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09BGIA2100010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09BGIA2100010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Barsumian Trust","award":["157904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["157904"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-related protein-1 (LRP-1) is a member of LDL receptor family that is implicated in lipoprotein metabolism and in the homeostasis  of proteases and protease inhibitors. Expression of LRP-1 is ubiquitous. Up-regulation  of LRP-1 has been reported in numerous human diseases. In addition to its function  as a scavenger receptor for various ligands, LRP-1 has been shown to transduce multiple intracellular signal pathways including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Akt, Rho, and the integrin signaling. LRP-1 signaling plays an important role in the regulation of diverse cellular process, such as cell proliferation, survival, motility, differentiation,  and transdifferentiation, and thus participates in the pathogenesis of organ dysfunction  and injury. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of LRP-1 signaling  and its roles in the development and progression of kidney disease. The role and signaling of LRP-1 in the nervous and cardiovascular systems, as well as in carcinogenesis, are also briefly discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151222887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,10]],"date-time":"2014-12-10T09:32:11Z","timestamp":1418203931000},"page":"22887-22901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["LRP-1: Functions, Signaling and Implications in Kidney  and Other Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Penn State University,  500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0829-4256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kebin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Penn State University,  500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200113992","article-title":"LRP: A multifunctional scavenger and signaling receptor","volume":"108","author":"Herz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00033.2007","article-title":"LDL receptor-related protein 1: Unique tissue-specific functions revealed by selective gene knockout studies","volume":"88","author":"Lillis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7427","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.16.7427","article-title":"Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein\/\u03b12-macroglobulin receptor is an hepatic receptor for tissue-type plasminogen activator","volume":"89","author":"Bu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4119","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03306.x","article-title":"Surface location and high affinity for calcium of a 500-kd liver membrane protein closely related to the LDL-receptor suggest a physiological role as lipoprotein receptor","volume":"7","author":"Herz","year":"1988","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)38172-9","article-title":"Sequence identity between the \u03b12-macroglobulin receptor and low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein suggests that this molecule is a multifunctional receptor","volume":"265","author":"Strickland","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(90)80530-V","article-title":"Evidence that the newly cloned low-density-lipoprotein receptor related protein (LRP) is the \u03b12-macroglobulin receptor","volume":"276","author":"Kristensen","year":"1990","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0256com","article-title":"Cellular growth inhibition by IGFBP-3 and TGF-\u03b21 requires LRP-1","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.09.018","article-title":"Signaling through LRP1: Protection from atherosclerosis and beyond","volume":"81","author":"Boucher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1538-7836.2003.00330.x","article-title":"Diverse role of LDL receptor-related protein in the clearance of proteases and in signaling","volume":"1","author":"Strickland","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.08.029","article-title":"LDL receptor-related protein-1: A regulator of inflammation in atherosclerosis, cancer, and injury to the nervous system","volume":"184","author":"Gonias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08301.x","article-title":"Proteolytic processing of the 600 kd low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) occurs in a trans-Golgi compartment","volume":"9","author":"Herz","year":"1990","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"D417","article-title":"Structural, biochemical and signaling properties of the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene family","volume":"6","author":"Hussain","year":"2001","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.100213","article-title":"tPA activates LDL receptor-related protein 1-mediated mitogenic signaling involving the p90RSK and GSK3\u03b2 pathway","volume":"177","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M504988200","article-title":"Tissue-type plasminogen activator acts as a cytokine that triggers intracellular signal transduction and induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene expression","volume":"281","author":"Hu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37732","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.389015","article-title":"Secreted Hsp90 is a novel regulator of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in prostate cancer","volume":"287","author":"Hance","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1351","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01042.2005","article-title":"LRP and \u03b1v\u03b23 mediate tPA activation of smooth muscle cells","volume":"291","author":"Akkawi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601082","article-title":"Endocytic receptor LRP together with tPA and PAI-1 coordinates Mac-1-dependent macrophage migration","volume":"25","author":"Cao","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17649","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017649","article-title":"A novel extracellular Hsp90 mediated co-receptor function for LRP1 regulates EphA2 dependent glioblastoma cell invasion","volume":"6","author":"Gopal","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007030300","article-title":"tPA protects renal interstitial fibroblasts and myofibroblasts from apoptosis","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"3821","article-title":"Tissue-type plasminogen activator promotes murine myofibroblast activation through LDL receptor-related protein 1-mediated integrin signaling","volume":"117","author":"Hu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15499","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M200427200","article-title":"Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). Evidence for integrated co-receptor function betwenn LRP and the PDGF","volume":"277","author":"Loukinova","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14259","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.085126","article-title":"Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP1) regulates Rac1 and RhoA reciprocally to control Schwann cell adhesion and migration","volume":"285","author":"Mantuano","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra18","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2000188","article-title":"Ligand binding to LRP1 transactivates Trk receptors by a Src family kinase-dependent pathway","volume":"2","author":"Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2357fje","article-title":"Tyrosine phosphorylation of the LDL receptor-related protein (LRP) and activation of the ERK pathway are required for connective tissue growth factor to potentiate myofibroblast differentiation","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.2174\/138161211796718224","article-title":"Regulation of the urokinase receptor (uPAR) by LDL receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1)","volume":"17","author":"Gonias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.113.1.123","article-title":"Extracellular signal-regulated kinase functions in the urokinase receptor-dependent pathway by which neutralization of low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein promotes fibrosarcoma cell migration and matrigel invasion","volume":"113","author":"Webb","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34009","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.509133","article-title":"LRP1 assembles unique co-receptor systems to initiate cell signaling in response to tissue-type plasminogen activator and myelin-associated glycoprotein","volume":"288","author":"Mantuano","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/60.5.430","article-title":"Elevation of LDL receptor-related protein levels via ligand interactions in Alzheimer disease and in vitro","volume":"60","author":"Qiu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-006-0115-3","article-title":"RAGE, LRP-1, and amyloid-\u03b2 protein in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"112","author":"Donahue","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2012007500068","article-title":"Effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) receptor in locally advanced breast cancer","volume":"45","author":"Pires","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(199605)28:5<311::AID-PROS7>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"In situ hybridization studies of \u03b12-macroglobulin receptor and receptor-associated protein in human prostate carcinoma","volume":"28","author":"McGarvey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31827fd9e8","article-title":"Selective upregulation of scavenger receptors in and around demyelinating areas in multiple sclerosis","volume":"72","author":"Hendrickx","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.05.017","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 and \u03b12-Macroglobulin in retinal and choroidal tissue of proliferative retinopathies","volume":"91","author":"Barcelona","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-10-160","article-title":"Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 expression correlates with cholesteryl ester accumulation in the myocardium of ischemic cardiomyopathy patients","volume":"10","author":"Cal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/s000110050485","article-title":"Murine \u03b12-macroglobulin increase during inflammatory responses and tumor growth","volume":"48","author":"Isaac","year":"1999","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7422","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007422","article-title":"LRP1 receptor controls adipogenesis and is up-regulated in human and mouse obese adipose tissue","volume":"4","author":"Masson","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.070472","article-title":"Tissue-type plasminogen activator and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein mediate cerebral ischemia-induced nuclear factor-\u03baB pathway activation","volume":"171","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319212","article-title":"Tissue-type plasminogen activator induces opening of the blood-brain barrier via the LDL receptor-related protein","volume":"112","author":"Yepes","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0298-228","article-title":"Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) increases neuronal damage after focal cerebral ischemia in wild-type and tPA-deficient mice","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000130565.69170.85","article-title":"Reduction in connective tissue growth factor by antisense treatment ameliorates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis","volume":"15","author":"Yokoi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6773","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.312488","article-title":"The internal region leucine-rich repeat 6 of decorin interacts with low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1, modulates transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b2-dependent signaling, and inhibits TGF-\u03b2-dependent fibrotic response in skeletal muscles","volume":"287","author":"Santander","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18842","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M700243200","article-title":"A novel modulatory mechanism of transforming growth factor-\u03b2 signaling through decorin and LRP-1","volume":"282","author":"Brandan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Rutherford, J.M. (2014). Plasminogen Activator: Genetic Factors, Functions and Clinical Applications, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.06.013","article-title":"Myeloid-derived tissue-type plasminogen activator promotes macrophage motility through FAK, Rac1, and NF-\u03baB Pathways","volume":"184","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3589","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1206504","article-title":"v-Src induces Shc binding to tyrosine 63 in the cytoplasmic domain of the LDL receptor-related protein 1","volume":"22","author":"Barnes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19119","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M011437200","article-title":"Tyrosine-phosphorylated low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (Lrp1) associates with the adaptor protein SHC in SRC-transformed cells","volume":"276","author":"Barnes","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(01)00526-4","article-title":"Diverse roles for the LDL receptor family","volume":"13","author":"Strickland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F973","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00216.2010","article-title":"Mice lacking the matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene reduce renal interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy","volume":"299","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39104","article-title":"The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"119","author":"Kalluri","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2009.74","article-title":"Fibroblast activation and myofibroblast generation in obstructive nephropathy","volume":"5","author":"Grande","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.57.121304.131342","article-title":"Toward a unified theory of renal progression","volume":"57","author":"Harris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000054","article-title":"Renal fibrosis: New insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutics","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2992","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006050420","article-title":"Renal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in chronic kidney disease","volume":"17","author":"Strutz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010080793","article-title":"Mechanisms of tubulointerstitial fibrosis","volume":"21","author":"Zeisberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2509","article-title":"The RSK family of kinases: Emerging roles in cellular signalling","volume":"9","author":"Anjum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4258","DOI":"10.2741\/3003","article-title":"The RSK factors of activating the Ras\/MAPK signaling cascade","volume":"13","author":"Carriere","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20110289","article-title":"Regulation and function of the RSK family of protein kinases","volume":"441","author":"Romeo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Lin, L., and Hu, K. (2014, January 11\u201316). tPA promotes M1 macrophage survival through p90RSK and p38 MAPK pathway. Proceedings of 47th Annual Meeting of American Society of Nephrology, Philadelphia, PA, USA."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"30","article-title":"Tissue plasminogen activator and inflammation: From phenotype to signaling mechanisms","volume":"3","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.045112","article-title":"Cellular functions of FAK kinases: Insight into molecular mechanisms and novel functions","volume":"123","author":"Schaller","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.145.4.851","article-title":"Paxillin LD4 motif binds PAK and PIX through a novel 95-kD ankyrin repeat, ARF-GAP protein: A role in cytoskeletal remodeling","volume":"145","author":"Turner","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2008.01.002","article-title":"The PIX\u2013GIT complex: A G protein signaling cassette in control of cell shape","volume":"19","author":"Frank","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e06-03-0207","article-title":"FAK potentiates Rac1 activation and localization to matrix adhesion sites: A role for \u03b2PIX","volume":"18","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e448","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000448","article-title":"LRP1 functions as an atheroprotective integrator of TGF\u03b2 and PDFG signals in the vascular wall: Implications for Marfan syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Boucher","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28846","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028846","article-title":"Macrophage LRP1 suppresses neo-intima formation during vascular remodeling by modulating the TGF-\u03b2 signaling pathway","volume":"6","author":"Muratoglu","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.301924","article-title":"Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1: Role in the regulation of vascular integrity","volume":"34","author":"Strickland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40659","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M105180200","article-title":"The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein\/\u03b12-macroglobulin receptor is a receptor for connective tissue growth factor","volume":"276","author":"Segarini","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1038\/nm926","article-title":"Lipoprotein receptor-mediated induction of matrix metalloproteinase by tissue plasminogen activator","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7724","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-19-07724.2001","article-title":"Effects of matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene knock-out on the proteolysis of blood-brain barrier and white matter components after cerebral ischemia","volume":"21","author":"Asahi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1073634","article-title":"S-nitrosylation of matrix metalloproteinases: Signaling pathway to neuronal cell death","volume":"297","author":"Gu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16458","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3987-12.2012","article-title":"LRP1 in brain vascular smooth muscle cells mediates local clearance of Alzheimer's amyloid-\u03b2","volume":"32","author":"Kanekiyo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(96)00711-1","article-title":"Cell surface APP751 forms complexes with protease nexin 2 ligands and is internalized via the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)","volume":"740","author":"Knauer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5691","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf568","article-title":"The cytoplasmic domain of the LDL receptor-related protein regulates multiple steps in APP processing","volume":"21","author":"Pietrzik","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00269","article-title":"LRP-1 and LRP-2 receptors function in the membrane neuron. Trafficking mechanisms and proteolytic processing in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Spuch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000143452.85382.d1","article-title":"RAGE (yin) versus LRP (yang) balance regulates alzheimer amyloid \u03b2-peptide clearance through transport across the blood-brain barrier","volume":"35","author":"Deane","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.07.017","article-title":"LRP\/amyloid \u03b2-peptide interaction mediates differential brain efflux of A\u03b2 isoforms","volume":"43","author":"Deane","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094337","article-title":"Peripheral regeneration","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11197","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2709-06.2006","article-title":"The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein is a pro-survival receptor in Schwann cells: Possible implications in peripheral nerve injury","volume":"26","author":"Campana","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11571","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3053-08.2008","article-title":"The hemopexin domain of matrix metalloproteinase-9 activates cell signaling and promotes migration of schwann cells by binding to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein","volume":"28","author":"Mantuano","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5590","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3342-12.2013","article-title":"Schwann cell LRP1 regulates remak bundle ultrastructure and axonal interactions to prevent neuropathic pain","volume":"33","author":"Orita","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12004","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M707607200","article-title":"The functional role of the second NPXY motif of the LRP1 \u03b2-chain in tissue-type plasminogen activator-mediated activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors","volume":"283","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8872","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.24.20.8872-8883.2004","article-title":"Neuronal LRP1 functionally associates with postsynaptic proteins and is required for normal motor function in mice","volume":"24","author":"May","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2710","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000249641.96896.e6","article-title":"Macrophage low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein deficiency enhances atherosclerosis in ApoE\/LDLR double knockout mice","volume":"26","author":"Hu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000260204.40510.aa","article-title":"Deletion of macrophage LDL receptor-related protein increases atherogenesis in the mouse","volume":"100","author":"Overton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.202051","article-title":"Macrophage LRP-1 controls plaque cellularity by regulating efferocytosis and Akt activation","volume":"30","author":"Yancey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1082095","article-title":"LRP: Role in vascular wall integrity and protection from atherosclerosis","volume":"300","author":"Boucher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.301893","article-title":"LRP1 protects the vasculature by regulating levels of connective tissue growth factor and HtrA1","volume":"33","author":"Muratoglu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-05-1685","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo effects of tPA and PAI-1 on blood vessel tone","volume":"103","author":"Nassar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)46850-5","article-title":"Activated \u03b12-macroglobulin and transforming growth factor-\u03b21 induce a synergistic smooth muscle cell proliferative response","volume":"268","author":"Stouffer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-06-510875","article-title":"The cytokine midkine supports neutrophil trafficking during acute inflammation by promoting adhesion via \u03b22 integrins (CD11\/CD18)","volume":"123","author":"Weckbach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2009.08.003","article-title":"LRP1 regulates remodeling of the extracellular matrix by fibroblasts","volume":"29","author":"Gaultier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6853","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006853","article-title":"LRP1 controls cPLA2 phosphorylation, ABCA1 expression and cellular cholesterol export","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M806538200","article-title":"LRP1 controls intracellular cholesterol storage and fatty acid synthesis through modulation of Wnt signaling","volume":"284","author":"Terrand","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.116988","article-title":"A crucial role for p90RSK-mediated reduction of ERK5 transcriptional activity in endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis","volume":"127","author":"Le","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-3379","article-title":"Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 promotes cancer cell migration and invasion by inducing the expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9","volume":"69","author":"Song","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4009","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.013946","article-title":"Midkine and LDL-receptor-related protein 1 contribute to the anchorage-independent cell growth of cancer cells","volume":"120","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.07.070","article-title":"Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 regulates infiltration of macrophages into melanoma via phosphorylation of FAK-Tyr(925)","volume":"450","author":"Thapa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3293","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00228-12","article-title":"LRP-1\u2014CD44, a new cell surface complex regulating tumor cell adhesion","volume":"32","author":"Perrot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.02238-07","article-title":"LRP-1 silencing prevents malignant cell invasion despite increased pericellular proteolytic activities","volume":"28","author":"Dedieu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3902","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-4233","article-title":"Myeloid cell receptor LRP1\/CD91 regulates monocyte recruitment and angiogenesis in tumors","volume":"73","author":"Staudt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-1462","article-title":"\u03b12-Macroglobulin inhibits the malignant properties of astrocytoma cells by impeding \u03b2-catenin signaling","volume":"70","author":"Lindner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/15\/12\/22887\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:10:45Z","timestamp":1760217045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/15\/12\/22887"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,10]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms151222887"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms151222887","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,10]]}}}