{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:32:08Z","timestamp":1791311528773,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,31]],"date-time":"2014-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AT004321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AT004321"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cytokines are the key mediators of inflammation in the course of autoimmune arthritis and other immune-mediated diseases. Uncontrolled production of the  pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3), tumor necrosis factor \u03b1  (TNF\u03b1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-17 can promote autoimmune pathology, whereas  anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-4, IL-10, and IL-27 can help control inflammation and tissue damage. The pro-inflammatory cytokines are the prime targets of the strategies to control rheumatoid arthritis (RA). For example, the neutralization of TNF\u03b1, either by engineered anti-cytokine antibodies or by soluble cytokine receptors as decoys, has proven successful in the treatment of RA. The activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines can also be downregulated either by using specific siRNA to inhibit the expression of  a particular cytokine or by using small molecule inhibitors of cytokine signaling. Furthermore, the use of anti-inflammatory cytokines or cytokine antagonists delivered via gene therapy has proven to be an effective approach to regulate autoimmunity. Unexpectedly, under certain conditions, TNF\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, and few other cytokines can display anti-inflammatory activities. Increasing awareness of this phenomenon might help develop appropriate regimens to harness or avoid this effect. Furthermore, the relatively newer cytokines such as IL-32, IL-34 and IL-35 are being investigated for their potential role in the pathogenesis and treatment of arthritis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16010887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,31]],"date-time":"2014-12-31T08:49:33Z","timestamp":1420015773000},"page":"887-906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Cytokine-Modulating Strategies and Newer Cytokine Targets for Arthritis Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shivaprasad","family":"Venkatesha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine,  685 W. Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Suite 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Dudics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine,  685 W. Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Suite 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bodhraj","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine,  685 W. Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Suite 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamal","family":"Moudgil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine,  685 W. Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Suite 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2011.0094","article-title":"A cytokine-centric view of the pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmune arthritis","volume":"31","author":"Astry","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2013.04.014","article-title":"Interleukin newcomers creating new numbers in rheumatology: IL-34 to IL-38","volume":"80","author":"Clavel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jt. 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