{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T22:28:17Z","timestamp":1787696897629,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,6]],"date-time":"2015-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) elicits lower than normal body weights and skeletal muscle weakness, the mechanisms remain unclear. Despite the  fact that HHcy-mediated enhancement in ROS and consequent damage to regulators of different cellular processes is relatively well established in other organs, the nature of such events is unknown in skeletal muscles. Previously, we reported that HHcy attenuation of PGC-1\u03b1 and HIF-1\u03b1 levels enhanced the likelihood of muscle atrophy and declined function after ischemia. In the current study, we examined muscle levels of homocysteine (Hcy) metabolizing enzymes, anti-oxidant capacity and focused on protein modifications that might compromise PGC-1\u03b1 function during ischemic angiogenesis. Although skeletal muscles express the key enzyme (MTHFR) that participates in re-methylation of Hcy into methionine, lack of trans-sulfuration enzymes (CBS and CSE) make skeletal muscles more susceptible to the HHcy-induced myopathy. Our study indicates that elevated Hcy levels  in the CBS\u2212\/+ mouse skeletal muscles caused diminished anti-oxidant capacity and contributed to enhanced total protein as well as PGC-1\u03b1 specific nitrotyrosylation  after ischemia. Furthermore, in the presence of NO donor SNP, either homocysteine (Hcy)  or its cyclized version, Hcy thiolactone, not only increased PGC-1\u03b1 specific protein nitrotyrosylation but also reduced its association with PPAR\u03b3 in C2C12 cells.  Altogether these results suggest that HHcy exerts its myopathic effects via reduction of the PGC-1\/PPAR\u03b3 axis after ischemia.     <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16011252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,6]],"date-time":"2015-01-06T09:11:06Z","timestamp":1420535466000},"page":"1252-1265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Mechanisms of Hyperhomocysteinemia Induced Skeletal Muscle Myopathy after Ischemia in the CBS\u2212\/+ Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sudhakar","family":"Veeranki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh","family":"Tyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401451","article-title":"Role of hyperhomocysteinemia in endothelial dysfunction and atherothrombotic disease","volume":"11","author":"Austin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1126\/science.143.3613.1443","article-title":"Homocystinuria: An enzymatic defect","volume":"143","author":"Mudd","year":"1964","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.17.4.427","article-title":"Pathological findings in homocystinuria","volume":"17","author":"Gibson","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. 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