{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T13:55:27Z","timestamp":1788357327564,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,27]],"date-time":"2015-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31201982"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31201982"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China","award":["2012AA10A413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012AA10A413"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Youth Scientist Awards Foundation","award":["BS2013SW042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BS2013SW042"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["CARS-50"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-50"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The endocrine regulation of reproduction in a multiple spawning flatfish with an ovary of asynchronous development remains largely unknown. The objectives of this study were to monitor changes in mRNA expression patterns of three gonadotropin hormone (GTH) subunits (FSH\u03b2, LH\u03b2 and CG\u03b1) and plasma GTH levels during ovarian maturation of half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis. Cloning and sequence analysis revealed that the cDNAs of FSH\u03b2, LH\u03b2 and CG\u03b1 were 541, 670 and 685 bp in length, and encode for peptides of 130, 158 and 127 amino acids, respectively. The number of cysteine residues and potential N-linked glycosylation sites of the flatfish GTHs were conserved among teleosts. However, the primary structure of GTHs in Pleuronectiformes appeared to be highly divergent. The FSH\u03b2 transcriptional level in the pituitary remained high during the vitellogenic stage while plasma levels of FSH peaked and oocyte development was stimulated. The LH\u03b2 expression in the pituitary and ovary reached the maximum level during oocyte maturation stages when the plasma levels of LH peaked. The brain GTHs were expressed at the different ovarian stages. These results suggested that FSH and LH may simultaneously regulate ovarian development and maturation through the brain-pituitary-ovary axis endocrine system in tongue sole.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16022767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,27]],"date-time":"2015-01-27T09:57:28Z","timestamp":1422352648000},"page":"2767-2793","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Molecular Characterization of Three Gonadotropin Subunits and Their Expression Patterns during Ovarian Maturation in Cynoglossus semilaevis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bao","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuezhou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(05)25004-0","article-title":"Regulation of fish gonadotropins","volume":"225","author":"Yaron","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2009.07.019","article-title":"Perspectives on fish gonadotropins and their receptors","volume":"165","author":"Bogerd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.1.02163","article-title":"Biological activities of recombinant Manchurian trout FSH and LH: Their receptor specificity, steroidogenic and vitellogenic potencies","volume":"38","author":"Ko","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2011.03.012","article-title":"Molecular cloning of two gonadotropin receptors and their distinct mRNA expression profiles in daily oogenesis of the wrasse P. sieboldi","volume":"172","author":"Kitano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023303427191","article-title":"Spermatogenesis and its endocrine regulation","volume":"26","author":"Schulz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1023\/B:FISH.0000030476.73360.07","article-title":"Biochemistry and physiology of fish gonadotropins","volume":"28","author":"Swanson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2003.11.007","article-title":"The brain-pituitary-gonad axis in male teleosts, with special emphasis on flatfish (Pleuronectiformes)","volume":"137","author":"Weltzien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2009.05.022","article-title":"Oogenesis in teleosts: How fish eggs are formed","volume":"165","author":"Lubzens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1998.7222","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) and gonadotropin subunit gene expression and pituitary and plasma changes during spermatogenesis and oogenesis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"113","author":"Gomez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2014.05.020","article-title":"Seasonal changes and endocrine regulation of pejerrey (Odontesthes bonariensis) oogenesis in the wild","volume":"175","author":"Elisio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0230177","article-title":"Blue gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus) gonadotropic \u03b2 subunits (I and II) cDNA sequences and expression during oogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Jackson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1998.7224","article-title":"Seasonal changes in mRNA levels of gonadotropin and thyrotropin subunits in the goldfish, Carassius auratus","volume":"113","author":"Sohn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.2000.7610","article-title":"cDNA cloning of two gonadotropin \u03b2 subunits (GTH-I\u03b2 and -II\u03b2) and their expression profiles during gametogenesis in the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)","volume":"122","author":"Kajimura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2004.04.002","article-title":"Temporal profile of \u03b2 follicle-stimulating hormone, \u03b2 luteinizing hormone, and growth hormone gene expression in the protandrous hermaphrodite, gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata","volume":"137","author":"Meiri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2005.09.012","article-title":"Seasonal changes in expression of LH-\u03b2 and FSH-\u03b2 in male and female three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus","volume":"145","author":"Hellqvist","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-011-9576-y","article-title":"Changes in the expression of pituitary gonadotropin subunits during reproductive cycle of multiple spawning female chub mackerel Scomber japonicus","volume":"38","author":"Nyuji","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2007.04.004","article-title":"Development of specific enzyme-linked immu-nosorbent assay for determining LH and FSH levels in tilapia, using recombinant go-nadotropins","volume":"153","author":"Aizen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6480(03)00121-7","article-title":"FSH and LH-\u03b2 subunits in the preoptic nucleus: Ontogenic expression in teleost","volume":"132","author":"Parhar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5210","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0558","article-title":"Novel expression of gonadotropin subunit genes in oocytes of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)","volume":"145","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2009.04.017","article-title":"Neuroendocrinology of reproduction in teleost fish","volume":"165","author":"Zohar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S1673-8527(09)60032-1","article-title":"Identification of differential genes in the ovary relative to the testis and their expression patterns in half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis)","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Genet. Genomics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2890","article-title":"Whole-genome sequence of a flatfish provides insights into ZW sex chromosome evolution and adaptation to a benthic lifestyle","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.162172.113","article-title":"Epigenetic modification and inheritance in sexual reversal of fish","volume":"24","author":"Shao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-009-9242-x","article-title":"Construction of two BAC libraries from half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis and identification of clones containing candidate sex-determination genes","volume":"12","author":"Shao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12952","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150712952","article-title":"Molecular method for sex identification of half-Smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) using a novel sex-linked microsatellite marker","volume":"15","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2010.09.011","article-title":"Growth differences and differential expression analysis of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) between the sexes in half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis","volume":"170","author":"Ji","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2011.11.015","article-title":"Genomic structure, polymorphism and expression analysis of the growth hormone (GH) gene in female and male half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis)","volume":"493","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-009-9378-7","article-title":"Cloning and expression of P450c17-I (17\u03b1-hydroxylase\/17,20-lyase) in brain and ovary during gonad development in Cynoglossus semilaevis","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.7.452","article-title":"Establishment and characterization of a testicular cell line from the half-smooth tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2012.04.010","article-title":"Molecular cloning, tissue distribution, and ontogeny of gonadotropin-releasing hormone III gene (GnRH-III) in half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis)","volume":"163","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-012-9729-7","article-title":"Cloning, characterization and expression of estrogen receptor \u03b2 in the male half-smooth tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:11:3:205","article-title":"Role of glycosylation in function of follicle-stimulating hormone","volume":"11","author":"Timossi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6480(02)00606-8","article-title":"Molecular characterization and expression of FSH\u03b2, LH\u03b2, and common \u03b1-subunit in male Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)","volume":"131","author":"Weltzien","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1352(200009\/10)13:5<223::AID-JMR501>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Molecular architecture and biorecognition processes of the cystine knot protein superfamily: Part I. The glycoprotein hormones","volume":"13","author":"Hearn","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mol. Recognit."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/369455a0","article-title":"Crystal structure of human chorionic gonadotropin","volume":"369","author":"Lapthorn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1007\/s1012601-0067-5","article-title":"Channel catfish follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone: Complementary DNA cloning and expression during ovulation","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1006\/jfbi.1996.0294","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a cDNA for gonadotropin II-\u03b2 of Pacific herring, an ancient teleost","volume":"50","author":"Power","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2000_3999","article-title":"Partial deglycosylation of \u03b1 subunit modifies sturgeon gonadotropin function","volume":"47","author":"Zenkevics","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod63.1.308","article-title":"Unique expression of gonadotropin-I and -II subunit genes in male and female red seabream (Pagrus major) during sexual maturation","volume":"63","author":"Gen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod63.1.222","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of the vertebrate glycoprotein hormone family including new sequences of sturgeon (Acipenser baeri) \u03b2 subunits of the two gonadotropins and the thyroid-stimulating hormone","volume":"63","author":"Sellouk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.022004","article-title":"Pituitary glycoprotein hormone \u03b2 subunits in the Australian lungfish and estimation of the relative evolution rate of these subunits within vertebrates","volume":"70","author":"Arai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6480(03)00164-3","article-title":"Molecular characterization of sea bass gonadotropin subunits (\u03b1, FSH\u03b2, and LH\u03b2) and their expression during the reproductive cycle","volume":"133","author":"Mateos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.009985","article-title":"Cloning and spatiotemporal expression of the follicle-stimulating hormone \u03b2 subunit complementary DNA in the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)","volume":"68","author":"Vischer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.038216","article-title":"Zebrafish gonadotropins and their receptors. II. Cloning and characterization of zebrafish follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone subunits\u2014Their spatial-temporal expression patterns and receptor specificity","volume":"72","author":"So","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2009.03.011","article-title":"Quantification of gonadotropin subunits GP\u03b1, FSH\u03b2, and LH\u03b2 mRNA expression from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) throughout a reproductive cycle","volume":"153","author":"Mittelholzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1159\/000152833","article-title":"Presence of \u03b2-follicle-stimulating hormone and \u03b2-luteinizing hormone transcripts in the brain of Cichlasoma dimerus (Perciformes: Cichlidae), effect of brain-derived gonadotropins on pituitary hormone release","volume":"89","author":"Pandolfi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2006.10.019","article-title":"Extragonadal LH\/hCG action-not yet time to rewrite textbooks","volume":"269","author":"Pakarainen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M311395200","article-title":"Identification and structural characterization of the neuronal luteinizing hormone receptor associated with sensory systems","volume":"279","author":"Apaja","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2011.11.036","article-title":"Extrahypophyseal expression of gonadotropin subunits in pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis and effects of high water temperatures on their expression","volume":"175","author":"Elisio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod57.5.1238","article-title":"Salmonid follicle-stimulating hormone (GTH-I) mediates vitellogenic development of oocytes in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss","volume":"57","author":"Tyler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2009.02.012","article-title":"Molecular characterization of marbled eel (Anguilla marmorata) gonadotropin subunits and their mRNA expression profiles during artificially induced gonadal development","volume":"162","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod54.6.1375","article-title":"Validation of radioimmunoassay for two salmon gonadotropins (GTH-I and GTH-II) and their plasma concentrations throughout the reproductive cycle in male and female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"54","author":"Prat","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0160171","article-title":"Molecular cloning of the cDNAs encoding pituitary glycoprotein hormone \u03b1-and gonadotropin-II \u03b2-subunits of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, and increase in their mRNAs during ovarian development induced by injection of chum salmon pituitary homogenate","volume":"16","author":"Nagae","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1998.7133","article-title":"GTHII but not GTHI induces final maturation and the development of maturational competence of oocytes of red seabream in vitro","volume":"112","author":"Kagawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1997.6967","article-title":"Plasma gonadotropin II, sex steroids, and thyroid hormones in wild striped bass (Morone saxatilis) during spermiation and final oocyte maturation","volume":"108","author":"Mylonas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1996.6839","article-title":"Molecular cloning of the cDNAs encoding two gonadotropin \u03b2 subunits (GTH-I\u03b2 and -II\u03b2) from the goldfish, Carassius auratus","volume":"105","author":"Yoshiura","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2008.02.006","article-title":"Molecular cloning of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone subunits and expression pattern during spermatogenesis","volume":"156","author":"Chauvigne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1560529","article-title":"A comprehensive evolutionary analysis based on nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the \u03b1- and \u03b2-subunits of glycoprotein hormone gene family","volume":"156","author":"Li","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(88)90275-4","article-title":"Development of salmon GTHI and GTHII radioimmunoassay","volume":"71","author":"Suzuki","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00004704","article-title":"Gonadotropin-I and Gonadotropin-II in Juvenile Coho Salmon","volume":"7","author":"Swanson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod44.1.29","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of two coho salmon gonadotropins GTHI and GTHII","volume":"44","author":"Swanson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1998.7087","article-title":"Immunological cross-reactivity between rainbow trout GTHI and GTHII and their \u03b1 and \u03b2 subunits: Application to the development of specific radioimmunoassay","volume":"111","author":"Govoroun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2008.05.005","article-title":"Purification and characterization of follicle-stimulating hormone from pituitary glands of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)","volume":"158","author":"Rocha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2011.12.029","article-title":"Development of a homologous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for European sea bass FSH. Reproductive cycle plasma levels in both sexes and in yearling precocious and non-precocious males","volume":"176","author":"Carrillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2012.07.003","article-title":"Development of non-competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus gonadotropins\u2014Examining seasonal variations in plasma FSH and LH levels in both sexes","volume":"178","author":"Shimizu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1998.7088","article-title":"GTHI and GTHII secretion profiles during the reproductive cycle in female rainbow trout: Relationship with pituitary responsiveness to GnRH-A stimulation","volume":"111","author":"Breton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2006.11.014","article-title":"Ovarian development and plasma sex steroid levels in cultured female Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis","volume":"146","author":"Couto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394Ct method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"107","article-title":"Effects of monocrotophos on the reproductive axis in the female goldfish (Carassius auratus)","volume":"152","author":"Tian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2009.05.001","article-title":"Single nucleotide polymorphisms within the estrogen receptor \u03b2 gene are linked with reproductive indices in Japanese fiounder, Paralichthys olivaceus","volume":"154","author":"Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/16\/2\/2767\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:42:00Z","timestamp":1760215320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/16\/2\/2767"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,27]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms16022767"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms16022767","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,27]]}}}