{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T20:58:36Z","timestamp":1775249916451,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,16]],"date-time":"2015-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u03b2-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) regulates the synthesis and secretion of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL), but its mechanism is unknown. In this study,  we detected the effects of BHBA on the activities of G protein signaling pathways, AMPK-\u03b1 activity, GH, and PRL gene transcription, and GH and PRL secretion in dairy cow anterior pituitary cells (DCAPCs). The results showed that BHBA decreased intracellular cAMP levels and a subsequent reduction in protein kinase A (PKA) activity. Inhibition of PKA activity reduced cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, thereby inhibiting GH and PRL transcription and secretion. The effects of BHBA were attenuated  by a specific G\u03b1i inhibitor, pertussis toxin (PTX). In addition, intracellular BHBA uptake mediated by monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) could trigger AMPK signaling and result in the decrease in GH and PRL mRNA translation in DCAPCs cultured under low-glucose and non-glucose condition when compared with the high-glucose group. This study identifies a biochemical mechanism for the regulatory action of BHBA on GH and PRL gene transcription, translation, and secretion in DCAPCs, which may be one of the factors that regulate pituitary function during the transition period in dairy cows.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16024265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,16]],"date-time":"2015-02-16T10:30:38Z","timestamp":1424082638000},"page":"4265-4280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["\u03b2-Hydroxybutyric Sodium Salt Inhibition of Growth Hormone and Prolactin Secretion via the cAMP\/PKA\/CREB and AMPK Signaling Pathways in Dairy Cow Anterior Pituitary Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shou-Peng","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing-Run","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huan-Min","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhan-Qing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ju-Xiong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian-Fa","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2014.10.014","article-title":"NEFAs activate the oxidative stress-mediated NF-\u03baB signaling pathway to induce inflammatory response in calf hepatocytes","volume":"14","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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