{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T21:20:10Z","timestamp":1791148810209,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,9]],"date-time":"2015-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common and severe organ manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and is associated with significant patient morbidity and mortality. Autoantibodies and aberrations in lymphocyte subsets have putative roles in the pathogenesis of SLE and LN, and might reflect disease activity and are amenable to immunosuppressive treatments. Anti-DNA is one of the well-studied autoantibodies, which correlates with disease activity and has direct nephritogenic effects on resident renal cells and various glomerular components. Other important autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of LN include anti-C1q, anti-\u03b1-actinin and anti-nucleosome antibodies. Changes in naive and memory B cells and plasma cells have been observed in SLE and LN patients. These B cell subsets exert diverse effects during pathogenesis of LN such as production of autoantibodies, secretion of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and presentation of  auto-antigens to effector cells. Aberration of T lymphocytes, especially the T-helper subsets, is also highly pertinent in the development of LN. In this context, important T helper subsets include Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, TReg and follicular T-helper cells. The growing knowledge on these autoantibodies and lymphocyte subset abnormalities will enhance our understanding of SLE and LN, and hence help devise better strategies for disease monitoring and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16047917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,9]],"date-time":"2015-04-09T10:44:31Z","timestamp":1428576271000},"page":"7917-7931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Pathogenesis of Renal Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus\u2014The Role of Autoantibodies and Lymphocytes Subset Abnormalities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Desmond","family":"Yap","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kar","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203306lu2305xx","article-title":"Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: A comparison of worldwide disease burden","volume":"15","author":"Danchenko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203310374305","article-title":"Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus in Asia","volume":"19","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006090992","article-title":"Severe lupus nephritis: Racial differences in presentation and outcome","volume":"18","author":"Korbet","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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