{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T22:02:32Z","timestamp":1791151352934,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,3]],"date-time":"2015-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Suzhou Science and Technology Development Program","award":["SYSD2013091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYSD2013091"]}]},{"name":"Suzhou Science and Technology Development Program","award":["SZS201205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZS201205"]}]},{"name":"Imported Overseas Talents of Soochow University","award":["Q421500210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q421500210"]}]},{"name":"Suzhou Medical Key Discipline Project, Science and Education Methodist Youth Science and Technology Project of Suzhou Health Bureau","award":["KJXW2011010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJXW2011010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is an independent risk factor of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, Hcy-lowering strategies were found to have limited effects in reducing cardiovascular events. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Increasing evidence reveals a role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of HHcy. Homocysteine (Hcy) is a precursor of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is formed via the transsulfuration pathway catalyzed by cystathionine \u03b2-synthase and cystathionine \u03b3-lyase (CSE) and serves as a novel modulator of inflammation. In the present study, we showed that methionine supplementation induced mild HHcy in mice, associated with the elevations of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 in the plasma and reductions of plasma H2S level and CSE expression in the peritoneal macrophages. H2S-releasing compound GYY4137 attenuated the increases of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 in the plasma of HHcy mice and Hcy-treated raw264.7 cells while CSE inhibitor PAG exacerbated it. Moreover, the in vitro study showed that Hcy inhibited CSE expression and H2S production in macrophages, accompanied by the increases of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) expression and DNA hypermethylation in cse promoter region. DNMT inhibition or knockdown reversed the decrease of CSE transcription induced by Hcy in macrophages. In sum, our findings demonstrate that  Hcy may trigger inflammation through inhibiting CSE-H2S signaling, associated with increased promoter DNA methylation and transcriptional repression of cse in macrophages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160612560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,3]],"date-time":"2015-06-03T11:29:39Z","timestamp":1433330979000},"page":"12560-12577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Homocysteine Triggers Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages through Inhibiting CSE-H2S Signaling via  DNA Hypermethylation of CSE Promoter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jiao-Jiao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and  Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,  Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University,  Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua-Ping","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and  Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,  Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and  Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,  Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shou-Jiang","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and  Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,  Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and  Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,  Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing-Shun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and  Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,  Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Jun","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and  Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,  Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Feng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and  Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,  Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Fang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and  Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,  Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University,  Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-006-0106-5","article-title":"Homocysteine metabolism, hyperhomocysteinaemia and vascular disease: An overview","volume":"29","author":"Castro","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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