{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T10:01:23Z","timestamp":1760608883042,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]],"date-time":"2015-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"None"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a major cause of poor outcome, including placental abruption, organ failure, cerebrovascular accident and disseminated intravascular coagulation. These disorders are associated with increased fetal risk of intrauterine growth restriction, intrauterine death and prematurity. Electrocardiography (ECG) recently emerged as a useful tool to evaluate cardiovascular complications during pregnancy. Specifically, left atrial abnormalities detected by standard ECG are associated with a fourfold increased risk of developing hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. The mechanisms linking left atrial abnormality on ECG with hypertensive disorders are still elusive. Several mechanisms, possibly reflected by abnormal left atrial activation on ECG, has been suggested. These include increased reactivity to angiotensin II and up-regulation of angiotensin type 1 receptors, with activation of autoantibodies targeting these receptors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160818454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]],"date-time":"2015-08-07T10:25:21Z","timestamp":1438943121000},"page":"18454-18473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Novel Electrocardiographic Patterns for the Prediction of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy\u2014From Pathophysiology to Practical Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4925-7985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Angeli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Hospital \"S.M. della Misericordia\", Perugia 06100, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrica","family":"Angeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital \"San Giovanni Battista\",  Foligno 06034, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Verdecchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal medicine, Hospital of Assisi, Assisi 06081, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"289","article-title":"Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 1991\u20131997","volume":"101","author":"Berg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pregnancy-related mortality surveillance\u2014United States, 1991\u20131999","volume":"52","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2005.00653.x","article-title":"An assessment of pregnancy-related mortality in the United States","volume":"19","author":"MacKay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National High Blood Pressure Education Program (2000). Report of the national high blood pressure education program working group on high blood pressure in pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 183, S1\u2013S22.","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.107928"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30588-0","article-title":"Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: Executive summary","volume":"36","author":"Magee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1159\/000081369","article-title":"Prediction of preeclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction by second trimester serum screening and uterine doppler velocimetry","volume":"20","author":"Audibert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.06.052","article-title":"First-trimester maternal serum papp-a and free-beta subunit human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations and nuchal translucency are associated with obstetric complications: A population-based screening study (the faster trial)","volume":"191","author":"Dugoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13147.x","article-title":"Haemostatic, fibrinolytic and endothelial variables in normal pregnancies and pre-eclampsia","volume":"101","author":"Halligan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/10641950500280995","article-title":"Mid-trimester placentation assessment in high-risk pregnancies using maternal serum screening and uterine artery doppler","volume":"24","author":"Hershkovitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1998.12050339.x","article-title":"The role of color doppler imaging of the uterine arteries at 20 weeks\u2019 gestation in stratifying antenatal care","volume":"12","author":"Kurdi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.330.7491.576","article-title":"The pre-eclampsia community guideline (precog): How to screen for and detect onset of pre-eclampsia in the community","volume":"330","author":"Milne","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.07.053","article-title":"The common prothrombotic factors in nulliparous women do not compromise blood flow in the feto-maternal circulation and are not associated with preeclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"191","author":"Salomon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000129955.47943.2a","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia, pregnancy complications, and the timing of investigation","volume":"104","author":"Peer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.12.014","article-title":"An integrated model for the prediction of preeclampsia using maternal factors and uterine artery doppler velocimetry in unselected low-risk women","volume":"193","author":"Yu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38380.674340.E0","article-title":"Risk factors for pre-eclampsia at antenatal booking: Systematic review of controlled studies","volume":"330","author":"Duckitt","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32834d6ed7","article-title":"Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy: Clinical applicability of risk prediction models","volume":"29","author":"Angeli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2011.12","article-title":"Additive value of standard ecg for the risk prediction of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy","volume":"34","author":"Angeli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1005","article-title":"A two-stage screening test for pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia","volume":"92","author":"Benedetto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2009.134080","article-title":"Combining biochemical and ultrasonographic markers in predicting preeclampsia: A systematic review","volume":"56","author":"Giguere","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.127977","article-title":"First-trimester prediction of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy","volume":"53","author":"Poon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2014.128","article-title":"Electrocardiographic changes in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy","volume":"37","author":"Angeli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-5-8","article-title":"Developing optimal search strategies for detecting clinically sound and relevant causation studies in embase","volume":"5","author":"Haynes","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1994.95153434","article-title":"Developing optimal search strategies for detecting clinically sound studies in medline","volume":"1","author":"Haynes","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00217.x","article-title":"Temporal relationships between hormonal and hemodynamic changes in early human pregnancy","volume":"54","author":"Chapman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.68.12.540","article-title":"Adaptation of the maternal heart in pregnancy","volume":"68","author":"Hunter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"H748","article-title":"Nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in human pregnancy","volume":"272","author":"Williams","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3552(05)80322-0","article-title":"Volume homeostasis in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia: Physiology and clinical implications","volume":"8","author":"Brown","year":"1994","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2004.07.008","article-title":"The renal response to preeclampsia","volume":"24","author":"Moran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000200042.64517.19","article-title":"Time course of maternal plasma volume and hormonal changes in women with preeclampsia or fetal growth restriction","volume":"47","author":"Salas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.17.6.1072","article-title":"Central hemodynamic observations in untreated preeclamptic patients","volume":"17","author":"Visser","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.107607","article-title":"Placental origins of preeclampsia: Challenging the current hypothesis","volume":"51","author":"Huppertz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1081\/PRG-120021060","article-title":"Subclassification of preeclampsia","volume":"22","author":"Magee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1081\/PRG-100100138","article-title":"Mortality and morbidity associated with early-onset preeclampsia","volume":"19","author":"Murphy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.07.049","article-title":"Shared and disparate components of the pathophysiologies of fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia","volume":"195","author":"Ness","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17987-2","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia","volume":"365","author":"Sibai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.014","article-title":"Placental angiogenic growth factors and uterine artery doppler findings for characterization of different subsets in preeclampsia and in isolated intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"195","author":"Crispi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.5184","article-title":"Predictive value of angiogenic factors and uterine artery doppler for early- vs. late-onset pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"31","author":"Crispi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000058001.67791.0A","article-title":"Left ventricular concentric geometry as a risk factor in gestational hypertension","volume":"41","author":"Novelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.01013.x","article-title":"Maternal total vascular resistance and concentric geometry: A key to identify uncomplicated gestational hypertension","volume":"113","author":"Valensise","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.105858","article-title":"Total vascular resistance and left ventricular morphology as screening tools for complications in pregnancy","volume":"51","author":"Vasapollo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.117358","article-title":"Early and late preeclampsia: Two different maternal hemodynamic states in the latent phase of the disease","volume":"52","author":"Valensise","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(81)90497-X","article-title":"The electrocardiogram in normal pregnancy","volume":"102","author":"Carruth","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2010-043","article-title":"Cardiovascular and electrocardiographic changes in nigerians with a normal pregnancy","volume":"22","author":"Akinwusi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. J. Afr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1966.tb06125.x","article-title":"The electrocardiographic st segment in pregnancy","volume":"73","author":"Boyle","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"77","article-title":"Electrocardiographic changes induced by pregnancy in healthy women","volume":"76","author":"Grand","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch. Mal. Coeur. Vaiss."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"2049","article-title":"Electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic modifications during pregnancy and post partum","volume":"21","author":"Gregorini","year":"1976","journal-title":"Boll. Soc. Ital. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"212","article-title":"Electrocardiographic study of left ventricular performance in normal pregnancy","volume":"77","author":"Halphen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch. Mal. Coeur. Vaiss."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"152","article-title":"Electrocardiographic studies on normal pregnancy","volume":"81","author":"Illanes","year":"1953","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Chil."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(64)90426-6","article-title":"Electrocardiographic changes in pregnancy","volume":"13","author":"Wenger","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4314\/wajm.v23i2.28102","article-title":"Eclampsia and abnormal qtc","volume":"23","author":"Isezuo","year":"2004","journal-title":"West Afr. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2010.30","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in QT interval variability and rate adaptation in pregnancies with normal and abnormal uterine perfusion","volume":"33","author":"Baumert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2014.102","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia: Evidence of altered ventricular repolarization by standard ECG parameters and qt dispersion","volume":"37","author":"Raffaelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.71.6.508","article-title":"Qt dispersion","volume":"71","author":"Higham","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"353","article-title":"An analysis of the time-relations of electrocardiograms","volume":"7","author":"Bazett","year":"1920","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(97)00493-2","article-title":"Prognostic value of a new electrocardiographic method for diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension","volume":"31","author":"Verdecchia","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Prineas, R., Crow, R., and Blackburn, H. (1982). The Minnesota Code Manual of Electrocardiographic Findings: Standards and Procedures for Measurement and Classification, Springer."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.34.5.818","article-title":"Electrocardiographic changes reflecting left atrial abnormality in hypertension","volume":"34","author":"Tarazi","year":"1966","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(84)90413-2","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of commonly used electrocardiographic criteria for left atrial enlargement determined by m-mode echocardiography","volume":"53","author":"Munuswamy","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2001.00458.x","article-title":"Working group report on high blood pressure in pregnancy","volume":"3","author":"Lenfant","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich)"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2010.03.002","article-title":"Hypertension in pregnancy","volume":"4","author":"Lindheimer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.44.3.446","article-title":"Clinical-physiological correlations in the development of hypertensive heart disease","volume":"44","author":"Frohlich","year":"1971","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(88)90158-5","article-title":"Left atrial enlargement: An early sign of hypertensive heart disease","volume":"116","author":"Miller","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"978","article-title":"Maternal central hemodynamics in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy","volume":"94","author":"Bosio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(77)80028-3","article-title":"Pathophysiologic assessment of hypertensive heart disease with echocardiography","volume":"39","author":"Dunn","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(10)80109-3","article-title":"Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac structure and function in elderly subjects with isolated systolic hypertension","volume":"17","author":"Pearson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.25.6.1155","article-title":"Influence of blood pressure on left atrial size. The framingham heart study","volume":"25","author":"Vaziri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197304262881706","article-title":"Sodium and diuretics in pregnancy","volume":"288","author":"Lindheimer","year":"1973","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"F562","article-title":"Role of cardiac atria in the human renal response to changing plasma volume","volume":"254","author":"Myers","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"S64","article-title":"Atrial natriuretic hormone: A regulator of blood pressure and volume homeostasis","volume":"25","author":"Laragh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(67)90160-3","article-title":"Blood volume during pregnancy. Significance of plasma and red cell volumes","volume":"98","author":"Lund","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"669","article-title":"Plasma volume expansion in early pregnancy","volume":"97","author":"Bernstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"R793","article-title":"Interrelationships among atrial peptides, renin, and blood volume in pregnant rats","volume":"254","author":"Nadel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198810273191705","article-title":"Pathogenesis of sodium and water retention in high-output and low-output cardiac failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, and pregnancy","volume":"319","author":"Schrier","year":"1988","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90171-3","article-title":"Atrial natriuretic factor in normal and hypertensive pregnancy","volume":"160","author":"Bond","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1159\/000293156","article-title":"Plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide in normal pregnant women and in pregnant women with preeclampsia","volume":"31","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Investig."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1989.tb03346.x","article-title":"Circadian variations of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide in four types of hypertensive disorder during pregnancy","volume":"96","author":"Sumioki","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1161\/hy0302.105683","article-title":"Correlates of left atrial size in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: The losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension (life) study","volume":"39","author":"Gerdts","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2005.00332.x","article-title":"Left atrial mechanical functions in pre-eclampsia","volume":"31","author":"Ingec","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(00)24854-0","article-title":"Relationship of systemic hemodynamics, left ventricular structure and function, and plasma natriuretic peptide concentrations during pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia","volume":"183","author":"Borghi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(00)01250-4","article-title":"Dimensions of the left ventricle, atrium, and aortic root in pregnancy-induced hypertension","volume":"14","author":"Grosso","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.09.054","article-title":"Diastolic dysfunction and left atrial volume: A population-based study","volume":"45","author":"Pritchett","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.2000.00135.x","article-title":"Maternal cardiac systolic and diastolic function: Relationship with uteroplacental resistances. A doppler and echocardiographic longitudinal study","volume":"15","author":"Valensise","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(88)80071-1","article-title":"Sodium excretion in normal and hypertensive pregnancy: A prospective study","volume":"159","author":"Brown","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-54-5-1010","article-title":"Changes in active and inactive renin throughout pregnancy","volume":"54","author":"Hsueh","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:18:3:239","article-title":"Angiotensin-(1\u20137) in normal and preeclamptic pregnancy","volume":"18","author":"Merrill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.9.1.189","article-title":"Regional flow-pressure relationship in response to angiotensin in the intact dog and sheep","volume":"9","author":"Assali","year":"1961","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1980.133","article-title":"Control of vascular responsiveness during human pregnancy","volume":"18","author":"Gant","year":"1980","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0901-1003","article-title":"Increased AT1 receptor heterodimers in preeclampsia mediate enhanced angiotensin II responsiveness","volume":"7","author":"AbdAlla","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340701552434","article-title":"Alterations in the \u201clocal umbilical cord blood renin-angiotensin system\u201d during pre-eclampsia","volume":"86","author":"Acar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340701415269","article-title":"Synergistic effect of renin-angiotensin system and nitric oxide synthase genes polymorphisms in pre-eclampsia","volume":"86","author":"Benedetto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0860575","article-title":"Impaired renin stimulation in pre-eclampsia","volume":"86","author":"Brown","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.3109\/10641969709083181","article-title":"The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in pre-eclampsia","volume":"19","author":"Brown","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000257797.49289.71","article-title":"Dysregulation of the circulating and tissue-based renin-angiotensin system in preeclampsia","volume":"49","author":"Herse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2012.11.027","article-title":"The placental renin-angiotensin system and oxidative stress in pre-eclampsia","volume":"34","author":"Mistry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"273","article-title":"The renin-aldosterone system in pre-eclampsia, essential and transient hypertension during pregnancy, and normotensive pregnant and non-pregnant control subjects","volume":"101","author":"Pedersen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol. (Cph.)"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0223(199902)19:2<122::AID-PD491>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Prediction of pre-eclampsia with maternal mid-trimester total renin, inhibin A, AFP and free \u03b2-hCG levels","volume":"19","author":"Raty","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20130455","article-title":"The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in pre-eclampsia: The delicate balance between good and bad","volume":"126","author":"Verdonk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.31.6.1324","article-title":"Blood pressure-independent cardiac hypertrophy induced by locally activated renin-angiotensin system","volume":"31","author":"Mazzolai","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6391","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.12.6391","article-title":"Overexpression of angiotensin at1 receptor transgene in the mouse myocardium produces a lethal phenotype associated with myocyte hyperplasia and heart block","volume":"94","author":"Hein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1080\/10641950802022384","article-title":"Prediction and prevention of preeclampsia","volume":"28","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340903008953","article-title":"Are tests for predicting pre-eclampsia good enough to make screening viable? A review of reviews and critical appraisal","volume":"88","author":"Cnossen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000147599.47713.5d","article-title":"World health organization systematic review of screening tests for preeclampsia","volume":"104","author":"Villar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta12060","article-title":"Methods of prediction and prevention of pre-eclampsia: Systematic reviews of accuracy and effectiveness literature with economic modelling","volume":"12","author":"Meads","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719107311780","article-title":"Evidence of endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia and risk of adverse pregnancy outcome","volume":"15","author":"Powers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70239-5","article-title":"Preeclampsia: An excessive maternal inflammatory response to pregnancy","volume":"180","author":"Redman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1016248","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia","volume":"16","author":"Roberts","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200003233421202","article-title":"C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women","volume":"342","author":"Ridker","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"757","article-title":"Obesity and preeclampsia: The potential role of inflammation","volume":"98","author":"Wolf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/16\/8\/18454\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:50:24Z","timestamp":1760215824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/16\/8\/18454"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms160818454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms160818454","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]]}}}